docs: cleanup URLs from docs and code comments

[glasnt]

Description

b/456272056

Checklist

• Please merge this PR for me once it is approved

[gemini-code-assist]

Summary of Changes

Hello @glasnt, I'm Gemini Code Assist¹! I'm currently reviewing this pull request and will post my feedback shortly. In the meantime, here's a summary to help you and other reviewers quickly get up to speed!

This pull request focuses on improving the accuracy and accessibility of documentation and code comments by updating several internal Google Cloud URLs to their public counterparts. This ensures that users can consistently access the correct and publicly available resources, enhancing the overall clarity and usability of the project's documentation.

Highlights

• Documentation URL Cleanup: Replaced internal Google Cloud documentation URLs with their public-facing equivalents across various files.
• Anthropic Claude Documentation: Updated a comment in the Anthropic batch prediction example to point to the correct public documentation for Claude region availability.
• Dataproc Cluster Creation Link: Corrected the 'Create Cluster' link in the Pub/Sub Lite Spark connector README to use the public Google Cloud Console URL for Dataproc.

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[gemini-code-assist]

Code Review

This pull request cleans up URLs in a Python code comment and a Markdown file, replacing internal-looking URLs with their public equivalents. The changes are straightforward and correct, improving the documentation for external users. The changes look good and I have no further suggestions.

[glasnt]

PubSubLite failures being addressed in #13629

[iennae]

Thanks!