diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py b/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py
index 78baddd4..d74ff563 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ async def community2batch(
             edges = comm.edges
             nodes_data = []
             for node in nodes:
-                node_data = await g.get_node(node)
+                node_data = g.get_node(node)
                 if node_data:
                     nodes_data.append((node, node_data))
             edges_data = []
             for u, v in edges:
-                edge_data = await g.get_edge(u, v)
+                edge_data = g.get_edge(u, v)
                 if edge_data:
                     edges_data.append((u, v, edge_data))
                 else:
-                    edge_data = await g.get_edge(v, u)
+                    edge_data = g.get_edge(v, u)
                     if edge_data:
                         edges_data.append((v, u, edge_data))
             batches.append((nodes_data, edges_data))
diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py b/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py
index c8d515a3..bfcd658c 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py
@@ -9,103 +9,99 @@ class StorageNameSpace:
     working_dir: str = None
     namespace: str = None
 
-    async def index_done_callback(self):
+    def index_done_callback(self):
         """commit the storage operations after indexing"""
 
-    async def query_done_callback(self):
+    def query_done_callback(self):
         """commit the storage operations after querying"""
 
 
 class BaseListStorage(Generic[T], StorageNameSpace):
-    async def all_items(self) -> list[T]:
+    def all_items(self) -> list[T]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_by_index(self, index: int) -> Union[T, None]:
+    def get_by_index(self, index: int) -> Union[T, None]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def append(self, data: T):
+    def append(self, data: T):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def upsert(self, data: list[T]):
+    def upsert(self, data: list[T]):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def drop(self):
+    def drop(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
 class BaseKVStorage(Generic[T], StorageNameSpace):
-    async def all_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+    def all_keys(self) -> list[str]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_by_id(self, id: str) -> Union[T, None]:
+    def get_by_id(self, id: str) -> Union[T, None]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_by_ids(
+    def get_by_ids(
         self, ids: list[str], fields: Union[set[str], None] = None
     ) -> list[Union[T, None]]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_all(self) -> dict[str, T]:
+    def get_all(self) -> dict[str, T]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def filter_keys(self, data: list[str]) -> set[str]:
+    def filter_keys(self, data: list[str]) -> set[str]:
         """return un-exist keys"""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def upsert(self, data: dict[str, T]):
+    def upsert(self, data: dict[str, T]):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def drop(self):
+    def drop(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
 class BaseGraphStorage(StorageNameSpace):
-    async def has_node(self, node_id: str) -> bool:
+    def has_node(self, node_id: str) -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def has_edge(self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str) -> bool:
+    def has_edge(self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str) -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def node_degree(self, node_id: str) -> int:
+    def node_degree(self, node_id: str) -> int:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def edge_degree(self, src_id: str, tgt_id: str) -> int:
+    def edge_degree(self, src_id: str, tgt_id: str) -> int:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_node(self, node_id: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def get_node(self, node_id: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def update_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
+    def update_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_all_nodes(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, dict]], None]:
+    def get_all_nodes(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, dict]], None]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_edge(
-        self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str
-    ) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def get_edge(self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def update_edge(
+    def update_edge(
         self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str, edge_data: dict[str, str]
     ):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_all_edges(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str, dict]], None]:
+    def get_all_edges(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str, dict]], None]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def get_node_edges(
-        self, source_node_id: str
-    ) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str]], None]:
+    def get_node_edges(self, source_node_id: str) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str]], None]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def upsert_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
+    def upsert_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def upsert_edge(
+    def upsert_edge(
         self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str, edge_data: dict[str, str]
     ):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def delete_node(self, node_id: str):
+    def delete_node(self, node_id: str):
         raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/graphgen/graphgen.py b/graphgen/graphgen.py
index 1bfb35cb..6df22cb0 100644
--- a/graphgen/graphgen.py
+++ b/graphgen/graphgen.py
@@ -104,15 +104,15 @@ async def read(self, read_config: Dict):
         # TODO: configurable whether to use coreference resolution
 
         new_docs = {compute_mm_hash(doc, prefix="doc-"): doc for doc in data}
-        _add_doc_keys = await self.full_docs_storage.filter_keys(list(new_docs.keys()))
+        _add_doc_keys = self.full_docs_storage.filter_keys(list(new_docs.keys()))
         new_docs = {k: v for k, v in new_docs.items() if k in _add_doc_keys}
 
         if len(new_docs) == 0:
             logger.warning("All documents are already in the storage")
             return
 
-        await self.full_docs_storage.upsert(new_docs)
-        await self.full_docs_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.full_docs_storage.upsert(new_docs)
+        self.full_docs_storage.index_done_callback()
 
     @op("chunk", deps=["read"])
     @async_to_sync_method
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ async def chunk(self, chunk_config: Dict):
         chunk documents into smaller pieces from full_docs_storage if not already present
         """
 
-        new_docs = await self.meta_storage.get_new_data(self.full_docs_storage)
+        new_docs = self.meta_storage.get_new_data(self.full_docs_storage)
         if len(new_docs) == 0:
             logger.warning("All documents are already in the storage")
             return
@@ -133,9 +133,7 @@ async def chunk(self, chunk_config: Dict):
             **chunk_config,
         )
 
-        _add_chunk_keys = await self.chunks_storage.filter_keys(
-            list(inserting_chunks.keys())
-        )
+        _add_chunk_keys = self.chunks_storage.filter_keys(list(inserting_chunks.keys()))
         inserting_chunks = {
             k: v for k, v in inserting_chunks.items() if k in _add_chunk_keys
         }
@@ -144,10 +142,10 @@ async def chunk(self, chunk_config: Dict):
             logger.warning("All chunks are already in the storage")
             return
 
-        await self.chunks_storage.upsert(inserting_chunks)
-        await self.chunks_storage.index_done_callback()
-        await self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.full_docs_storage)
-        await self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.chunks_storage.upsert(inserting_chunks)
+        self.chunks_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.full_docs_storage)
+        self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
 
     @op("build_kg", deps=["chunk"])
     @async_to_sync_method
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@ async def build_kg(self):
         build knowledge graph from text chunks
         """
         # Step 1: get new chunks according to meta and chunks storage
-        inserting_chunks = await self.meta_storage.get_new_data(self.chunks_storage)
+        inserting_chunks = self.meta_storage.get_new_data(self.chunks_storage)
         if len(inserting_chunks) == 0:
             logger.warning("All chunks are already in the storage")
             return
@@ -174,9 +172,9 @@ async def build_kg(self):
             return
 
         # Step 3: mark meta
-        await self.graph_storage.index_done_callback()
-        await self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.chunks_storage)
-        await self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.graph_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.chunks_storage)
+        self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
 
         return _add_entities_and_relations
 
@@ -185,7 +183,7 @@ async def build_kg(self):
     async def search(self, search_config: Dict):
         logger.info("[Search] %s ...", ", ".join(search_config["data_sources"]))
 
-        seeds = await self.meta_storage.get_new_data(self.full_docs_storage)
+        seeds = self.meta_storage.get_new_data(self.full_docs_storage)
         if len(seeds) == 0:
             logger.warning("All documents are already been searched")
             return
@@ -194,19 +192,17 @@ async def search(self, search_config: Dict):
             search_config=search_config,
         )
 
-        _add_search_keys = await self.search_storage.filter_keys(
-            list(search_results.keys())
-        )
+        _add_search_keys = self.search_storage.filter_keys(list(search_results.keys()))
         search_results = {
             k: v for k, v in search_results.items() if k in _add_search_keys
         }
         if len(search_results) == 0:
             logger.warning("All search results are already in the storage")
             return
-        await self.search_storage.upsert(search_results)
-        await self.search_storage.index_done_callback()
-        await self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.full_docs_storage)
-        await self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.search_storage.upsert(search_results)
+        self.search_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.full_docs_storage)
+        self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
 
     @op("quiz_and_judge", deps=["build_kg"])
     @async_to_sync_method
@@ -240,8 +236,8 @@ async def quiz_and_judge(self, quiz_and_judge_config: Dict):
             progress_bar=self.progress_bar,
         )
 
-        await self.rephrase_storage.index_done_callback()
-        await _update_relations.index_done_callback()
+        self.rephrase_storage.index_done_callback()
+        _update_relations.index_done_callback()
 
         logger.info("Shutting down trainee LLM client.")
         self.trainee_llm_client.shutdown()
@@ -258,7 +254,7 @@ async def partition(self, partition_config: Dict):
             self.tokenizer_instance,
             partition_config,
         )
-        await self.partition_storage.upsert(batches)
+        self.partition_storage.upsert(batches)
         return batches
 
     @op("extract", deps=["chunk"])
@@ -276,10 +272,10 @@ async def extract(self, extract_config: Dict):
             logger.warning("No information extracted")
             return
 
-        await self.extract_storage.upsert(results)
-        await self.extract_storage.index_done_callback()
-        await self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.chunks_storage)
-        await self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.extract_storage.upsert(results)
+        self.extract_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.meta_storage.mark_done(self.chunks_storage)
+        self.meta_storage.index_done_callback()
 
     @op("generate", deps=["partition"])
     @async_to_sync_method
@@ -303,17 +299,17 @@ async def generate(self, generate_config: Dict):
             return
 
         # Step 3: store the generated QA pairs
-        await self.qa_storage.upsert(results)
-        await self.qa_storage.index_done_callback()
+        self.qa_storage.upsert(results)
+        self.qa_storage.index_done_callback()
 
     @async_to_sync_method
     async def clear(self):
-        await self.full_docs_storage.drop()
-        await self.chunks_storage.drop()
-        await self.search_storage.drop()
-        await self.graph_storage.clear()
-        await self.rephrase_storage.drop()
-        await self.qa_storage.drop()
+        self.full_docs_storage.drop()
+        self.chunks_storage.drop()
+        self.search_storage.drop()
+        self.graph_storage.clear()
+        self.rephrase_storage.drop()
+        self.qa_storage.drop()
 
         logger.info("All caches are cleared")
 
diff --git a/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py b/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py
index 2d7bff01..a6185f44 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ async def merge_nodes(
         source_ids = []
         descriptions = []
 
-        node = await kg_instance.get_node(entity_name)
+        node = kg_instance.get_node(entity_name)
         if node is not None:
             entity_types.append(node["entity_type"])
             source_ids.extend(
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ async def merge_nodes(
             "description": description,
             "source_id": source_id,
         }
-        await kg_instance.upsert_node(entity_name, node_data=node_data)
+        kg_instance.upsert_node(entity_name, node_data=node_data)
 
     async def merge_edges(
         self,
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ async def merge_edges(
         source_ids = []
         descriptions = []
 
-        edge = await kg_instance.get_edge(src_id, tgt_id)
+        edge = kg_instance.get_edge(src_id, tgt_id)
         if edge is not None:
             source_ids.extend(
                 split_string_by_multi_markers(edge["source_id"], ["<SEP>"])
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ async def merge_edges(
         )
 
         for insert_id in [src_id, tgt_id]:
-            if not await kg_instance.has_node(insert_id):
-                await kg_instance.upsert_node(
+            if not kg_instance.has_node(insert_id):
+                kg_instance.upsert_node(
                     insert_id,
                     node_data={
                         "source_id": source_id,
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ async def merge_edges(
             f"({src_id}, {tgt_id})", description
         )
 
-        await kg_instance.upsert_edge(
+        kg_instance.upsert_edge(
             src_id,
             tgt_id,
             edge_data={"source_id": source_id, "description": description},
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/anchor_bfs_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/anchor_bfs_partitioner.py
index b6248d43..6cc1400c 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/anchor_bfs_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/anchor_bfs_partitioner.py
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ async def partition(
         max_units_per_community: int = 1,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> List[Community]:
-        nodes = await g.get_all_nodes()  # List[tuple[id, meta]]
-        edges = await g.get_all_edges()  # List[tuple[u, v, meta]]
+        nodes = g.get_all_nodes()  # List[tuple[id, meta]]
+        edges = g.get_all_edges()  # List[tuple[u, v, meta]]
 
         adj, _ = self._build_adjacency_list(nodes, edges)
 
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py
index 7b7b421a..00895712 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ async def partition(
         max_units_per_community: int = 1,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> List[Community]:
-        nodes = await g.get_all_nodes()
-        edges = await g.get_all_edges()
+        nodes = g.get_all_nodes()
+        edges = g.get_all_edges()
 
         adj, _ = self._build_adjacency_list(nodes, edges)
 
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py
index 01df509d..6c394b10 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ async def partition(
         max_units_per_community: int = 1,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> List[Community]:
-        nodes = await g.get_all_nodes()
-        edges = await g.get_all_edges()
+        nodes = g.get_all_nodes()
+        edges = g.get_all_edges()
 
         adj, _ = self._build_adjacency_list(nodes, edges)
 
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py
index e874f56d..7de73181 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ async def partition(
         unit_sampling: str = "random",
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> List[Community]:
-        nodes: List[Tuple[str, dict]] = await g.get_all_nodes()
-        edges: List[Tuple[str, str, dict]] = await g.get_all_edges()
+        nodes: List[Tuple[str, dict]] = g.get_all_nodes()
+        edges: List[Tuple[str, str, dict]] = g.get_all_edges()
 
         adj, _ = self._build_adjacency_list(nodes, edges)
         node_dict = dict(nodes)
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py
index 28dfc1d3..1f85789b 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ async def partition(
         :param kwargs: other parameters for the leiden algorithm
         :return:
         """
-        nodes = await g.get_all_nodes()  # List[Tuple[str, dict]]
-        edges = await g.get_all_edges()  # List[Tuple[str, str, dict]]
+        nodes = g.get_all_nodes()  # List[Tuple[str, dict]]
+        edges = g.get_all_edges()  # List[Tuple[str, str, dict]]
 
         node2cid: Dict[str, int] = await self._run_leiden(
             nodes, edges, use_lcc, random_seed
diff --git a/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py b/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py
index fb37ee29..ed5c6467 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 @dataclass
 class JsonKVStorage(BaseKVStorage):
-    _data: dict[str, str] = None
+    _data: dict[str, dict] = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         self._file_name = os.path.join(self.working_dir, f"{self.namespace}.json")
@@ -18,16 +18,16 @@ def __post_init__(self):
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
-    async def all_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+    def all_keys(self) -> list[str]:
         return list(self._data.keys())
 
-    async def index_done_callback(self):
+    def index_done_callback(self):
         write_json(self._data, self._file_name)
 
-    async def get_by_id(self, id):
+    def get_by_id(self, id):
         return self._data.get(id, None)
 
-    async def get_by_ids(self, ids, fields=None) -> list:
+    def get_by_ids(self, ids, fields=None) -> list:
         if fields is None:
             return [self._data.get(id, None) for id in ids]
         return [
@@ -39,19 +39,19 @@ async def get_by_ids(self, ids, fields=None) -> list:
             for id in ids
         ]
 
-    async def get_all(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+    def get_all(self) -> dict[str, dict]:
         return self._data
 
-    async def filter_keys(self, data: list[str]) -> set[str]:
+    def filter_keys(self, data: list[str]) -> set[str]:
         return {s for s in data if s not in self._data}
 
-    async def upsert(self, data: dict):
+    def upsert(self, data: dict):
         left_data = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k not in self._data}
         if left_data:
             self._data.update(left_data)
         return left_data
 
-    async def drop(self):
+    def drop(self):
         if self._data:
             self._data.clear()
 
@@ -71,26 +71,26 @@ def __post_init__(self):
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
-    async def all_items(self) -> list:
+    def all_items(self) -> list:
         return self._data
 
-    async def index_done_callback(self):
+    def index_done_callback(self):
         write_json(self._data, self._file_name)
 
-    async def get_by_index(self, index: int):
+    def get_by_index(self, index: int):
         if index < 0 or index >= len(self._data):
             return None
         return self._data[index]
 
-    async def append(self, data):
+    def append(self, data):
         self._data.append(data)
 
-    async def upsert(self, data: list):
+    def upsert(self, data: list):
         left_data = [d for d in data if d not in self._data]
         self._data.extend(left_data)
         return left_data
 
-    async def drop(self):
+    def drop(self):
         self._data = []
 
 
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ def __post_init__(self):
         self._data = load_json(self._file_name) or {}
         logger.info("Load KV %s with %d data", self.namespace, len(self._data))
 
-    async def get_new_data(self, storage_instance: "JsonKVStorage") -> dict:
+    def get_new_data(self, storage_instance: "JsonKVStorage") -> dict:
         new_data = {}
         for k, v in storage_instance.data.items():
             if k not in self._data:
                 new_data[k] = v
         return new_data
 
-    async def mark_done(self, storage_instance: "JsonKVStorage"):
-        new_data = await self.get_new_data(storage_instance)
+    def mark_done(self, storage_instance: "JsonKVStorage"):
+        new_data = self.get_new_data(storage_instance)
         if new_data:
             self._data.update(new_data)
diff --git a/graphgen/models/storage/networkx_storage.py b/graphgen/models/storage/networkx_storage.py
index b7cf2b39..36bf1b5e 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/storage/networkx_storage.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/storage/networkx_storage.py
@@ -91,60 +91,56 @@ def __post_init__(self):
             )
         self._graph = preloaded_graph or nx.Graph()
 
-    async def index_done_callback(self):
+    def index_done_callback(self):
         NetworkXStorage.write_nx_graph(self._graph, self._graphml_xml_file)
 
-    async def has_node(self, node_id: str) -> bool:
+    def has_node(self, node_id: str) -> bool:
         return self._graph.has_node(node_id)
 
-    async def has_edge(self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str) -> bool:
+    def has_edge(self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str) -> bool:
         return self._graph.has_edge(source_node_id, target_node_id)
 
-    async def get_node(self, node_id: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def get_node(self, node_id: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
         return self._graph.nodes.get(node_id)
 
-    async def get_all_nodes(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, dict]], None]:
+    def get_all_nodes(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, dict]], None]:
         return list(self._graph.nodes(data=True))
 
-    async def node_degree(self, node_id: str) -> int:
-        return self._graph.degree(node_id)
+    def node_degree(self, node_id: str) -> int:
+        return int(self._graph.degree[node_id])
 
-    async def edge_degree(self, src_id: str, tgt_id: str) -> int:
-        return self._graph.degree(src_id) + self._graph.degree(tgt_id)
+    def edge_degree(self, src_id: str, tgt_id: str) -> int:
+        return int(self._graph.degree[src_id] + self._graph.degree[tgt_id])
 
-    async def get_edge(
-        self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str
-    ) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def get_edge(self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
         return self._graph.edges.get((source_node_id, target_node_id))
 
-    async def get_all_edges(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str, dict]], None]:
+    def get_all_edges(self) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str, dict]], None]:
         return list(self._graph.edges(data=True))
 
-    async def get_node_edges(
-        self, source_node_id: str
-    ) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str]], None]:
+    def get_node_edges(self, source_node_id: str) -> Union[list[tuple[str, str]], None]:
         if self._graph.has_node(source_node_id):
             return list(self._graph.edges(source_node_id, data=True))
         return None
 
-    async def get_graph(self) -> nx.Graph:
+    def get_graph(self) -> nx.Graph:
         return self._graph
 
-    async def upsert_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
+    def upsert_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
         self._graph.add_node(node_id, **node_data)
 
-    async def update_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
+    def update_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]):
         if self._graph.has_node(node_id):
             self._graph.nodes[node_id].update(node_data)
         else:
             logger.warning("Node %s not found in the graph for update.", node_id)
 
-    async def upsert_edge(
+    def upsert_edge(
         self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str, edge_data: dict[str, str]
     ):
         self._graph.add_edge(source_node_id, target_node_id, **edge_data)
 
-    async def update_edge(
+    def update_edge(
         self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str, edge_data: dict[str, str]
     ):
         if self._graph.has_edge(source_node_id, target_node_id):
@@ -156,7 +152,7 @@ async def update_edge(
                 target_node_id,
             )
 
-    async def delete_node(self, node_id: str):
+    def delete_node(self, node_id: str):
         """
         Delete a node from the graph based on the specified node_id.
 
@@ -168,7 +164,7 @@ async def delete_node(self, node_id: str):
         else:
             logger.warning("Node %s not found in the graph for deletion.", node_id)
 
-    async def clear(self):
+    def clear(self):
         """
         Clear the graph by removing all nodes and edges.
         """
diff --git a/graphgen/operators/partition/partition_kg.py b/graphgen/operators/partition/partition_kg.py
index f6d38b0b..4c4fdaa1 100644
--- a/graphgen/operators/partition/partition_kg.py
+++ b/graphgen/operators/partition/partition_kg.py
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ async def partition_kg(
         # TODO： before ECE partitioning, we need to:
         # 1. 'quiz and judge' to get the comprehension loss if unit_sampling is not random
         # 2. pre-tokenize nodes and edges to get the token length
-        edges = await kg_instance.get_all_edges()
-        nodes = await kg_instance.get_all_nodes()
+        edges = kg_instance.get_all_edges()
+        nodes = kg_instance.get_all_nodes()
         await pre_tokenize(kg_instance, tokenizer, edges, nodes)
         partitioner = ECEPartitioner()
     elif method == "leiden":
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ async def _attach_by_type(
         image_chunks = [
             data
             for sid in source_ids
-            if "image" in sid.lower() and (data := await chunk_storage.get_by_id(sid))
+            if "image" in sid.lower() and (data := chunk_storage.get_by_id(sid))
         ]
         if image_chunks:
             # The generator expects a dictionary with an 'img_path' key, not a list of captions.
diff --git a/graphgen/operators/partition/pre_tokenize.py b/graphgen/operators/partition/pre_tokenize.py
index da291f12..83e99060 100644
--- a/graphgen/operators/partition/pre_tokenize.py
+++ b/graphgen/operators/partition/pre_tokenize.py
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ async def _patch_and_write(obj: Tuple, *, is_node: bool) -> Tuple:
                     )
                 )
             if is_node:
-                await graph_storage.update_node(obj[0], obj[1])
+                graph_storage.update_node(obj[0], obj[1])
             else:
-                await graph_storage.update_edge(obj[0], obj[1], obj[2])
+                graph_storage.update_edge(obj[0], obj[1], obj[2])
             return obj
 
     new_edges, new_nodes = await asyncio.gather(
@@ -51,5 +51,5 @@ async def _patch_and_write(obj: Tuple, *, is_node: bool) -> Tuple:
         ),
     )
 
-    await graph_storage.index_done_callback()
+    graph_storage.index_done_callback()
     return new_edges, new_nodes
diff --git a/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/judge.py b/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/judge.py
index 9b79bbc8..b5e35eb9 100644
--- a/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/judge.py
+++ b/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/judge.py
@@ -45,16 +45,14 @@ async def _judge_single_relation(
         description = edge_data["description"]
 
         try:
-            descriptions = await rephrase_storage.get_by_id(description)
+            descriptions = rephrase_storage.get_by_id(description)
             assert descriptions is not None
 
             judgements = []
             gts = [gt for _, gt in descriptions]
             for description, gt in descriptions:
                 judgement = await trainee_llm_client.generate_topk_per_token(
-                    STATEMENT_JUDGEMENT_PROMPT["TEMPLATE"].format(
-                        statement=description
-                    )
+                    STATEMENT_JUDGEMENT_PROMPT["TEMPLATE"].format(statement=description)
                 )
                 judgements.append(judgement[0].top_candidates)
 
@@ -76,10 +74,10 @@ async def _judge_single_relation(
             logger.info("Use default loss 0.1")
             edge_data["loss"] = -math.log(0.1)
 
-        await graph_storage.update_edge(source_id, target_id, edge_data)
+        graph_storage.update_edge(source_id, target_id, edge_data)
         return source_id, target_id, edge_data
 
-    edges = await graph_storage.get_all_edges()
+    edges = graph_storage.get_all_edges()
 
     await run_concurrent(
         _judge_single_relation,
@@ -104,24 +102,20 @@ async def _judge_single_entity(
         description = node_data["description"]
 
         try:
-            descriptions = await rephrase_storage.get_by_id(description)
+            descriptions = rephrase_storage.get_by_id(description)
             assert descriptions is not None
 
             judgements = []
             gts = [gt for _, gt in descriptions]
             for description, gt in descriptions:
                 judgement = await trainee_llm_client.generate_topk_per_token(
-                    STATEMENT_JUDGEMENT_PROMPT["TEMPLATE"].format(
-                        statement=description
-                    )
+                    STATEMENT_JUDGEMENT_PROMPT["TEMPLATE"].format(statement=description)
                 )
                 judgements.append(judgement[0].top_candidates)
 
             loss = yes_no_loss_entropy(judgements, gts)
 
-            logger.debug(
-                "Node %s description: %s loss: %s", node_id, description, loss
-            )
+            logger.debug("Node %s description: %s loss: %s", node_id, description, loss)
 
             node_data["loss"] = loss
         except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
@@ -129,10 +123,10 @@ async def _judge_single_entity(
             logger.error("Use default loss 0.1")
             node_data["loss"] = -math.log(0.1)
 
-        await graph_storage.update_node(node_id, node_data)
+        graph_storage.update_node(node_id, node_data)
         return node_id, node_data
 
-    nodes = await graph_storage.get_all_nodes()
+    nodes = graph_storage.get_all_nodes()
 
     await run_concurrent(
         _judge_single_entity,
diff --git a/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/quiz.py b/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/quiz.py
index 8a02f1bf..9aadb34b 100644
--- a/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/quiz.py
+++ b/graphgen/operators/quiz_and_judge/quiz.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ async def _process_single_quiz(item: tuple[str, str, str]):
         description, template_type, gt = item
         try:
             # if rephrase_storage exists already, directly get it
-            descriptions = await rephrase_storage.get_by_id(description)
+            descriptions = rephrase_storage.get_by_id(description)
             if descriptions:
                 return None
 
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ async def _process_single_quiz(item: tuple[str, str, str]):
             logger.error("Error when quizzing description %s: %s", description, e)
             return None
 
-    edges = await graph_storage.get_all_edges()
-    nodes = await graph_storage.get_all_nodes()
+    edges = graph_storage.get_all_edges()
+    nodes = graph_storage.get_all_nodes()
 
     results = defaultdict(list)
     items = []
@@ -88,6 +88,6 @@ async def _process_single_quiz(item: tuple[str, str, str]):
 
     for key, value in results.items():
         results[key] = list(set(value))
-        await rephrase_storage.upsert({key: results[key]})
+        rephrase_storage.upsert({key: results[key]})
 
     return rephrase_storage
diff --git a/graphgen/operators/storage.py b/graphgen/operators/storage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea5488ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphgen/operators/storage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import os
+from typing import Any
+
+import ray
+
+from graphgen.models import JsonKVStorage, JsonListStorage, NetworkXStorage
+
+
+@ray.remote
+class StorageManager:
+    """
+    Centralized storage for all operators
+
+    Example Usage:
+    ----------
+    # init
+    storage_manager = StorageManager.remote(working_dir="/path/to/dir", unique_id=123)
+
+    # visit storage in tasks
+    @ray.remote
+    def some_task(storage_manager):
+        full_docs_storage = ray.get(storage_manager.get_storage.remote("full_docs"))
+
+    # visit storage in other actors
+    @ray.remote
+    class SomeOperator:
+        def __init__(self, storage_manager):
+            self.storage_manager = storage_manager
+        def some_method(self):
+            full_docs_storage = ray.get(self.storage_manager.get_storage.remote("full_docs"))
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, working_dir: str, unique_id: int):
+        self.working_dir = working_dir
+        self.unique_id = unique_id
+
+        # Initialize all storage backends
+        self.storages = {
+            "full_docs": JsonKVStorage(working_dir, namespace="full_docs"),
+            "chunks": JsonKVStorage(working_dir, namespace="chunks"),
+            "graph": NetworkXStorage(working_dir, namespace="graph"),
+            "rephrase": JsonKVStorage(working_dir, namespace="rephrase"),
+            "partition": JsonListStorage(working_dir, namespace="partition"),
+            "search": JsonKVStorage(
+                os.path.join(working_dir, "data", "graphgen", f"{unique_id}"),
+                namespace="search",
+            ),
+            "extraction": JsonKVStorage(
+                os.path.join(working_dir, "data", "graphgen", f"{unique_id}"),
+                namespace="extraction",
+            ),
+            "qa": JsonListStorage(
+                os.path.join(working_dir, "data", "graphgen", f"{unique_id}"),
+                namespace="qa",
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def get_storage(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        return self.storages.get(name)
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fd824606..655165af 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ nltk
 jieba
 plotly
 pandas
-gradio>=5.44.1
+gradio==5.44.1
 kaleido
 pyyaml
 langcodes