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<h2  style ="font-family:arial;color:orange">Information Of Banjo</h2>
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	4.	Banjo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Banjo (disambiguation).
Banjo

A five-string banjo
String instrument

Hornbostel–Sachs classification
321.322-5
(Composite chordophone sounded by plectrum, finger picks, or the bare fingers)

Developed	18th century
Playing range


Open strings and highest note of a standard-tuned five-string bluegrass banjo.
The banjo is a four-, five- or six-stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity as a resonator, called the head. The membrane, or head, is typically made of plastic, although animal skin is still occasionally but rarely used, and the frame is typically circular. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by Africans in America, adapted from African instruments of similar design.[1][2]
The banjo is frequently associated with country, folk, Irish traditional and bluegrass music. Historically, the banjo occupied a central place in African American traditional music, before becoming popular in the minstrel shows of the 19th century.[3][4][5] The banjo, with the fiddle, is a mainstay of American old-time music. It is also very frequently used in Traditional ("Trad") Jazz.
Contents
Note: This article uses Helmholtz pitch notation to define banjo tunings.


The modern banjo derives from instruments that had been used in the Caribbean since the 17th century by enslaved people taken from West Africa. Written references to the banjo in North America appear in the 18th century, and the instrument became increasingly available commercially from around the second quarter of the 19th century.[2]
The etymology of the name banjo is uncertain. The word could have come from the Yoruba word Bami jo, which means "dance for me." It may derive from the Kimbundu word mbanza.[6] Some etymologists believe it comes from a dialectal pronunciation of the Portuguese "bandore" or from an early anglicisation of the Spanish word bandurria, though other research suggests that it may come from a West African term for a bamboo stick formerly used for the instrument's neck.
A Banza: a five double string courses Portuguese viuhela with two short strings. Mbanza is a string African instrument that has been built after the Portuguese Banza. "Banza" is quite similar to "Banjo".

A Portuguese Viuhela called Banza, 10 strings + two shorts. "Banza" is quite similar to "Banjo"
Various instruments in Africa, chief among them the kora, feature a skin head and gourd (or similar shell) body.[7][8] The African instruments differ from early African American banjos in that the necks do not possess a Western-style fingerboard and tuning pegs, instead having stick necks, with strings attached to the neck with loops for tuning.[7] Banjos with fingerboards and tuning pegs are known from the Caribbean as early as the 17th century.[7] 18th- and early 19th-century writers transcribed the name of these instruments variously as bangie, banza, bonjaw,[9] banjer[10] and banjar. Instruments similar to the banjo (e.g., the Japanese shamisen, Persian tar, and Moroccan sintir) have been played in many countries. Another likely relative of the banjo is the akonting, a spike folk lute played by the Jola tribe of Senegambia, and the ubaw-akwala of the Igbo.[11] Similar instruments include the xalam of Senegal[12] and the ngoni of the Wassoulou region including parts of Mali, Guinea, and Ivory Coast, as well as a larger variation of the ngoni developed in Morocco by sub-Saharan Africans known as the gimbri.[citation needed]
Early, African-influenced banjos were built around a gourd body and a wooden stick neck. These instruments had varying numbers of strings, though often including some form of drone. The five-string banjo was popularized by Joel Walker Sweeney, an American minstrel performer from Appomattox Court House, Virginia.[13]
In the 1830s Sweeney became the first white performer to play the banjo on stage.[13] His version of the instrument replaced the gourd with a drum-like sound box and included four full-length strings alongside a short fifth string. This new banjo was at first tuned d'Gdf♯a, though by the 1890s this had been transposed up to g'cgbd'. Banjos were introduced in Britain by Sweeney's group, the American Virginia Minstrels, in the 1840s, and became very popular in music halls.[14]
In the Antebellum South, many black slaves played the banjo and taught their masters how to play.[15] For example, in his memoir entitled With Sabre and Scalpel: The Autobiography of a Soldier and Surgeon, Confederate veteran and surgeon John Allan Wyeth recalls learning it from a slave as a child on his family plantation.[15]

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