files added

Author: Mabdullahatif

Beginners_1/Stage_1/manual.docx

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+/*
+  - Declare two integer variables 'a' and 'b'.
+  - Create two integer pointers 'ptrA' and 'ptrB' and assign them the addresses of 'a' and 'b' respectively.
+  - Prompt the user to input two integer values, which are stored in 'a' and 'b'.
+  - Display the values of 'a' and 'b' using the pointers 'ptrA' and 'ptrB' respectively.
+  - Update the values of 'a' and 'b' by setting the values at the memory addresses pointed to by 'ptrA' and 'ptrB' to 30 and 40 respectively.
+  - Display the updated values of 'a' and 'b' using the pointers 'ptrA' and 'ptrB' respectively.
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+int main(){
+	int a,b;
+	int *ptrA=&a;
+	int *ptrB=&b;
+	
+	cout<<"Enter first number = ";
+	cin>>a;
+	
+	cout<<"Enter second number = ";
+	cin>>b;
+	
+	cout<<"the values are = "<<*ptrA<<" & "<<*ptrB<<endl;
+	
+	*ptrA=30;
+	*ptrB=40;
+	
+	cout<<"Updated values of *ptrA and *ptrB are = "<<*ptrA<<" & "<<*ptrB;
+	
+	return 0;
+}

Beginners_1/Stage_1/task1.cpp

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+/*
+  This C++ program demonstrates the use of dynamic memory allocation and pointer operations to evaluate
+  the square, cube, and half of a user-provided number.
+
+  - Declare an integer pointer 'ptr' to hold a memory address for an integer value.
+  - Dynamically allocate memory for an integer using the 'new' operator, and store the address in 'ptr'.
+  - Prompt the user to enter a number, which is stored in the memory location pointed to by 'ptr'.
+  - Display the square of the entered number by multiplying the value at 'ptr' with itself.
+  - Display the cube of the entered number by multiplying the value at 'ptr' with itself twice.
+  - Display half of the entered number by dividing the value at 'ptr' by 2.
+  - Deallocate the memory previously allocated for the integer using the 'delete' operator to avoid memory leaks.
+
+  Note: Dynamic memory allocation using 'new' allows for creating variables at runtime and is useful when the
+  size of memory needed is not known at compile time. However, it is crucial to deallocate the memory using 'delete'
+  to avoid memory leaks and free up memory for reuse.
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+int main(){
+	int *ptr;
+	ptr = new int;
+	
+	cout<<"Enter a number for the evaluation = ";
+	cin>>*ptr;
+	
+	cout<<"Square of a number is = ";
+	cout<<(*ptr)*(*ptr)<<endl;
+	
+	cout<<"Cube of a number is = ";
+	cout<<(*ptr)*(*ptr)*(*ptr)<<endl;
+	
+	cout<<"Half of a number is = ";
+	cout<<(*ptr)/2<<endl;
+	
+	delete ptr;
+	
+	return 0;
+}

Beginners_1/Stage_1/task2.cpp

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+/*
+  This C++ program demonstrates the use of dynamic memory allocation and pointer operations to evaluate
+  the square, cube, and half of a user-provided number.
+
+  - Declare an integer pointer 'ptr' to hold a memory address for an integer value.
+  - Dynamically allocate memory for an integer using the 'new' operator, and store the address in 'ptr'.
+  - Prompt the user to enter a number, which is stored in the memory location pointed to by 'ptr'.
+  - Display the square of the entered number by multiplying the value at 'ptr' with itself.
+  - Display the cube of the entered number by multiplying the value at 'ptr' with itself twice.
+  - Display half of the entered number by dividing the value at 'ptr' by 2.
+  - Deallocate the memory previously allocated for the integer using the 'delete' operator to avoid memory leaks.
+
+  Note: Dynamic memory allocation using 'new' allows for creating variables at runtime and is useful when the
+  size of memory needed is not known at compile time. However, it is crucial to deallocate the memory using 'delete'
+  to avoid memory leaks and free up memory for reuse.
+*/
+/*
+  This C++ program allows the user to input the size of an array and then takes input for the array elements.
+  It then finds and displays the index of the second largest value in the array.
+
+  - Prompt the user to enter the limit (size) of the array.
+  - Create a dynamically allocated integer array 'arr' of size 'limit' to store the elements.
+  - Prompt the user to input 'limit' number of integer values, which are stored in the array 'arr'.
+  - Initialize variables 'largest' and 'secondmax' to keep track of the index of the largest and second largest values in the array.
+  - Iterate through the array elements and find the index of the largest value, storing it in 'largest'.
+  - While finding the largest value, also update 'secondmax' to keep track of the index of the second largest value.
+  - Display the index of the second largest value found in the array.
+
+  Note: The program uses dynamic memory allocation to create an array with a size specified by the user. By iterating
+  through the array, it identifies the index of the second largest value without sorting the array explicitly.
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+int main(){
+	
+	int limit;
+	cout<<"Enter limit of the array = ";
+	cin>>limit;
+	
+	int *arr=new int [limit];
+	cout<<"Enter values upto "<<limit<<endl;
+	
+	for(int i=0;i<limit;i++){
+		cin>>arr[i];
+	}
+	int largest=0,secondmax=0;
+	
+	for (int i=0;i<limit;i++){
+		if(arr[i]>arr[largest]){
+			secondmax=largest;
+			largest=i;
+		}
+	}
+	cout<<endl;
+	cout<<"Index of the 2nd largest value is = ";
+	cout<<secondmax;
+	
+	return 0;
+	
+	
+}

Beginners_1/Stage_1/task3.cpp

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+/*
+  This C++ program allows the user to input the size of an array and then takes input for the array elements.
+  It then adds 3 to each element of the array and displays the updated array.
+
+  - Prompt the user to enter the limit (size) of the array.
+  - Check if the entered limit is non-positive (less than or equal to 0), and if so, display an error message and terminate the program.
+  - Create a dynamically allocated integer array 'arr' of size 'limit' to store the elements.
+  - Prompt the user to input 'limit' number of integer values, which are stored in the array 'arr'.
+  - Create an integer pointer 'ptr' and set it to point to the first element of the 'arr' array.
+  - Iterate through the array 'arr' using the pointer 'ptr', and for each element, add 3 to its value using the pointer.
+  - Display the updated array 'arr' to show the values after adding 3 to each element.
+
+  Note: The program uses dynamic memory allocation to create an array with a size specified by the user. It then manipulates
+  the array elements through a pointer 'ptr', adding 3 to each element directly via pointer manipulation.
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+int main(){
+	int limit;
+	cout<<"Enter limit of the array = ";
+	cin>>limit;
+	
+	if(limit<=0){
+		cout<<"Enter valid and positve limit !!!";
+	}
+	
+	int *arr=new int [limit];
+	cout<<"Enter values upto "<<limit<<endl;
+	
+	for(int i=0;i<limit;i++){
+		cin>>arr[i];
+	}
+	
+	int *ptr;
+	ptr=arr;
+	
+	for(int i=0;i<limit;i++){
+		*ptr+=3;
+		ptr++;
+	}
+	cout<<endl;
+	cout<<"The values after adding 3 are = ";
+	
+		for(int i=0;i<limit;i++){
+		cout<<arr[i];
+		cout<<" ";
+	}
+	
+	return 0;
+}

Beginners_1/Stage_1/task4.cpp

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+/*
+  This C++ program calculates the median of three constant integer values 'a', 'b', and 'c'.
+  It uses pointers to compare the values and finds the median by checking the order of the values.
+
+  - Declare three constant integer variables 'a', 'b', and 'c' with initial values.
+  - Declare three constant integer pointers 'pa', 'pb', and 'pc' and assign them the addresses of 'a', 'b', and 'c' respectively.
+  - Declare an integer variable 'median' to store the calculated median value.
+  - Compare the three values using pointers to determine the median:
+    - If 'a' is in between 'b' and 'c' or vice versa, set 'median' to 'a'.
+    - If 'b' is in between 'a' and 'c' or vice versa, set 'median' to 'b'.
+    - Otherwise, set 'median' to 'c'.
+  - The program then uses const_cast to modify the constant values of 'a', 'b', or 'c' to -1 through the pointers,
+    effectively updating the value that was used as the median.
+  - Display the calculated median value.
+  - Display the updated values of 'a', 'b', and 'c' to show that one of them is now -1.
+
+  Note: The const_cast is used to modify the constant values, but it is generally not recommended to modify
+  constant variables as it can lead to undefined behavior. This code is for illustrative purposes only.
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() {
+    const int a = 5;
+    const int b = 12;
+    const int c = 10;
+    const int *pa = &a;
+    const int *pb = &b;
+    const int *pc = &c;
+
+    int median = 0;
+
+    if ((*pa <= *pb && *pa >= *pc) || (*pa >= *pb && *pa <= *pc)) {
+        median = *pa;
+        const_cast<int&>(a) = -1; // Updating median value to -1 through pointers
+    } else if ((*pb <= *pa && *pb >= *pc) || (*pb >= *pa && *pb <= *pc)) {
+        median = *pb;
+        const_cast<int&>(b) = -1; // Updating median value to -1 through pointers
+    } else {
+        median = *pc;
+        const_cast<int&>(c) = -1; // Updating median value to -1 through pointers
+    }
+
+    cout << "Median is = " << median << endl;
+    cout << "Updated values of a, b, and c are: " << a << ", " << b << ", " << c << endl;
+
+    return 0;
+}

Beginners_1/Stage_1/task5.cpp

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+/*
+  This C++ program demonstrates the dynamic input, compression, and output of an integer array.
+
+  - The function 'InputArray' takes a reference to an integer 'size' and dynamically allocates memory for an integer array.
+    It prompts the user to input the size and elements of the array and returns a pointer to the dynamically created array.
+
+  - The function 'OutputArray' takes a constant integer pointer 'myarray' and a constant integer reference 'size'.
+    It displays the elements of the array pointed to by 'myarray' using pointer arithmetic.
+
+  - The function 'CompressArray' takes an integer pointer 'originalArr' and a reference to an integer 'size'.
+    It creates a new dynamically allocated integer array 'compressedArr' to store the compressed version of the original array.
+    The function compresses the original array by removing duplicate consecutive elements.
+    It then updates the 'size' parameter with the new compressed size, deallocates the memory of the original array, and returns the compressed array.
+
+  - In the 'main' function, the user is prompted to input the length of the array.
+    It calls the 'InputArray' function to dynamically create the array and fill it with user-provided values.
+    It then displays the original array using the 'OutputArray' function.
+
+  - The 'CompressArray' function is called to obtain the compressed version of the original array.
+    The compressed array is then displayed using the 'OutputArray' function.
+
+  - Finally, memory allocated for the compressed array is deallocated using 'delete[]' to prevent memory leaks.
+
+  Note: The program showcases dynamic memory allocation and manipulation of arrays using pointers.
+  Remember to free up the memory allocated using 'new' with 'delete[]' to prevent memory leaks.
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+// Function to input an array dynamically
+int* InputArray(int& size) {
+    cout << "Enter size of the array: ";
+    cin >> size;
+
+    int* array = new int[size];
+
+    cout << "Enter " << size << " elements: ";
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        cin >> array[i];
+    }
+
+    return array;
+}
+
+// Function to output an array
+void OutputArray(const int* myarray, const int& size) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        cout << *(myarray + i) << " ";
+    }
+}
+
+// Function to compress an array
+int* CompressArray(int* originalArr, int& size) {
+    int* compressedArr = new int[size];
+    int compressedSize = 0;
+
+    compressedArr[compressedSize++] = originalArr[0];
+    for (int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
+        if (originalArr[i] != originalArr[i - 1]) {
+            compressedArr[compressedSize++] = originalArr[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Update the size parameter with the compressed size
+    size = compressedSize;
+
+    // Delete the original array to prevent memory leaks
+    delete[] originalArr;
+
+    return compressedArr;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    int length;
+    cout << "Enter length of the array: ";
+    cin >> length;
+
+    int* array = InputArray(length);
+
+    cout << "The values are: ";
+    OutputArray(array, length);
+    cout << endl;
+
+    int compressedSize = length;
+    int* compressedArray = CompressArray(array, compressedSize);
+
+    cout << "Array after Compression: ";
+    OutputArray(compressedArray, compressedSize);
+    cout << endl;
+
+    // Don't forget to deallocate the memory
+    delete[] compressedArray;
+
+    return 0;
+}

Beginners_1/Stage_2/manual.docx

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+/*
+  This C++ program takes an input string, counts and categorizes various elements in the string.
+
+  - The 'Counter' function takes a character array 'array' as input and counts the following elements:
+    - 'spaces': Counts the number of space characters in the input array.
+    - 'uppercase': Counts the number of uppercase letters in the input array.
+    - 'lowercase': Counts the number of lowercase letters in the input array.
+    - 'vowels': Counts the number of vowels (a, e, i, o, u, both uppercase and lowercase) in the input array.
+    - 'consonant': Calculates the number of consonants (total letters - vowels) in the input array.
+
+  - In the 'main' function, the user is prompted to enter an array of characters (string) using 'cin.getline()'.
+    The 'Counter' function is then called with this array as an argument to analyze the content of the input string.
+
+  - The 'Counter' function prints the total number of letters (uppercase and lowercase combined), spaces,
+    uppercase letters, lowercase letters, vowels, and consonants in the input string.
+
+  Note: The program showcases basic string manipulation using character arrays and various character count calculations.
+  The 'Counter' function iterates through the input array and counts the desired elements based on specific conditions.
+  The use of 'cin.getline()' allows the program to read spaces and accept input of multiple words in a single line.
+*/
+#include<iostream>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+using namespace std;
+void Counter(char array[]){
+ int spaces=0;
+ int uppercase=0;
+ int lowercase=0;
+ int vowels=0;
+ int cosonant=0;
+ int i=0;
+    for(int i=0;i<strlen(array);i++){
+		 if(array[i]==32){
+		 spaces++;
+		 }
+        if(array[i]>='A' && array[i]<='Z'){
+           uppercase++;
+          // cout<<uppercase;
+         }
+        else if(array[i]>='a' && array[i]<='z'){
+           lowercase++;
+          //cout<<lowercase;
+         }
+ if(array[i]=='a'||array[i]=='e'||array[i]=='i'||array[i]=='o'||array[i]=='u'){
+           vowels++;
+          //cout<<vowels;
+         }
+       }
+ cout<<"Total lettes are :"<<uppercase+lowercase<<endl;
+ cout<<"Total spaces are :"<<spaces<<endl;
+ cout<<"Upper case letters are :"<<uppercase<<endl;
+ cout<<"Lowercase letters are :"<<lowercase<<endl;
+ cout<<"Vowels are :"<<vowels<<endl;
+ cout<<"Consonants are :"<<(uppercase+lowercase)-vowels<<endl;
+
+}
+
+int main(){
+ char array[50];
+ cout<<"enter array"<<endl;
+ cin.getline(array,50);
+    Counter(array);
+ system("pause");
+ return 0;
+}
+