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paulf81 wants to merge 44 commits into NatLabRockies:develop from paulf81:feature/add_ct

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docs/_toc.yml

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         - file: solar_pv
         - file: battery
         - file: electrolyzer
+        - file: thermal_component_base
+        - file: open_cycle_gas_turbine
       - caption: Inputs
         chapters:
         - file: hercules_input
@@ Expand All / @@ -43,3 +45,4 @@ parts: @@
         - file: examples/04_wind_and_storage
         - file: examples/05_wind_and_storage_with_lmp
         - file: examples/06_wind_and_hydrogen
+        - file: examples/07_ocgt

docs/examples/07_ocgt.md

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+    # Example 07: Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT)
+    ## Description
+    This example demonstrates a standalone open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT) simulation. The example showcases the turbine's state machine behavior including startup sequences, power ramping, minimum stable load constraints, and shutdown sequences.
+    For details on OCGT parameters and configuration, see {doc}`../open_cycle_gas_turbine`. For details on the underlying state machine and ramp behavior, see {doc}`../thermal_component_base`.
+    ## Scenario
+    The simulation runs for 6 hours with 1-minute time steps. A controller commands the turbine through several operating phases. The table below shows both **control commands** (setpoint changes) and **state transitions** (responses to commands based on constraints).
+    ### Timeline
+    | Time (min) | Event Type | Setpoint | State | Description |
+    |------------|------------|----------|-------|-------------|
+    | 0 | Initial | 0 | OFF (0) | Turbine starts off, `time_in_state` begins counting |
+    | 40 | Command | → 100 MW | OFF (0) | Setpoint changes to full power, but `min_down_time` (60 min) not yet satisfied—turbine remains off |
+    | 60 | State | 100 MW | → HOT STARTING (1) | `min_down_time` satisfied, turbine begins hot starting sequence |
+    | ~64 | State | 100 MW | HOT STARTING (1) | `hot_readying_time` (~4.2 min) complete, run-up ramp begins |
+    | ~68 | State | 100 MW | → ON (4) | Power reaches P_min (20 MW) after `hot_startup_time` (~8.2 min), turbine now operational |
+    | ~76 | Ramp | 100 MW | ON (4) | Power reaches 100 MW (ramped at 10 MW/min from P_min) |
+    | 120 | Command | → 50 MW | ON (4) | Setpoint reduced to 50% capacity |
+    | ~125 | Ramp | 50 MW | ON (4) | Power reaches 50 MW (ramped down at 10 MW/min) |
+    | 180 | Command | → 10 MW | ON (4) | Setpoint reduced to 10% (below P_min), power clamped to P_min |
+    | ~183 | Ramp | 10 MW | ON (4) | Power reaches P_min (20 MW), cannot go lower |
+    | 210 | Command | → 100 MW | ON (4) | Setpoint increased to full power |
+    | ~218 | Ramp | 100 MW | ON (4) | Power reaches 100 MW |
+    | 240 | Command + State | → 0 | → STOPPING (5) | Shutdown command; `min_up_time` satisfied (~172 min on), begins stopping sequence |
+    | ~250 | State | 0 | → OFF (0) | Power reaches 0 (ramped down at 10 MW/min), turbine off |
+    | 360 | End | 0 | OFF (0) | Simulation ends |
+    ### Key Behaviors Demonstrated
+    - **Minimum down time**: The turbine cannot start until `min_down_time` (60 min) is satisfied, even though the command is issued at 40 min
+    - **Hot startup sequence**: After `min_down_time`, the turbine enters HOT STARTING, waits through `hot_readying_time`, then ramps to P_min using `run_up_rate`
+    - **Ramp rate constraints**: All power changes in ON state are limited by `ramp_rate` (10 MW/min)
+    - **Minimum stable load**: When commanded to 10 MW (below P_min = 20 MW), power is clamped to P_min
+    - **Minimum up time**: Shutdown is allowed immediately at 240 min because `min_up_time` (60 min) was satisfied long ago
+    - **Stopping sequence**: The turbine ramps down to zero at `ramp_rate` before transitioning to OFF
+    ## Setup
+    No manual setup is required. The example uses only the OCGT component which requires no external data files.
+    ## Running
+    To run the example, execute the following command in the terminal:
+    ```bash
+    python hercules_runscript.py
+    ```
+    ## Outputs
+    To plot the outputs, run:
+    ```bash
+    python plot_outputs.py
+    ```
+    The plot shows:
+    - Power output over time (demonstrating ramp constraints and minimum stable load)
+    - Operating state transitions
+    - Fuel consumption tracking
+    - Heat rate variation with load

docs/open_cycle_gas_turbine.md

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+    # Open Cycle Gas Turbine
+    The `OpenCycleGasTurbine` class models an open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT), also known as a peaker plant or simple-cycle gas turbine. It is a subclass of {doc}`ThermalComponentBase <thermal_component_base>` and inherits all state machine behavior, ramp constraints, and operational logic from the base class.
+    For details on the state machine, startup/shutdown behavior, and base parameters, see {doc}`thermal_component_base`.
+    ## OCGT-Specific Parameters
+    In addition to the base class parameters, the OCGT model includes parameters for fuel consumption tracking:
+    | Parameter | Units | Default | Description |
+    |-----------|-------|---------|-------------|
+    | `part_load_factor` | dimensionless | 1.0 | Heat rate penalty at minimum load. Range: 1.0-2.0. A value of 1.0 means no penalty; higher values indicate decreased efficiency at part load |
+    | `heat_rate_at_rated_load` | kJ/kWh | 10000 | Fuel consumption rate at rated load |
+    ## Default Parameter Values
+    The `OpenCycleGasTurbine` class provides default values for base class parameters based on References [1-5]. Only `rated_capacity` and `initial_conditions` are required in the YAML configuration.
+    | Parameter | Default Value | Source |
+    |-----------|---------------|--------|
+    | `min_stable_load_fraction` | 0.40 (40%) | [4] |
+    | `ramp_rate_fraction` | 0.10 (10%/min) | [1] |
+    | `run_up_rate_fraction` | Same as `ramp_rate_fraction` | — |
+    | `hot_startup_time` | 420 s (7 minutes) | [1], [5] |
+    | `warm_startup_time` | 480 s (8 minutes) | [1], [5] |
+    | `cold_startup_time` | 480 s (8 minutes) | [1], [5] |
+    | `min_up_time` | 1800 s (30 minutes) | [4] |
+    | `min_down_time` | 3600 s (1 hour) | [4] |
+    ## OCGT-Specific Outputs
+    In addition to the base class outputs (`power`, `state_num`), the OCGT model provides:
+    | Output | Units | Description |
+    |--------|-------|-------------|
+    | `fuel_consumption` | kJ | Fuel consumed during the timestep |
+    | `heat_rate` | kJ/kWh | Current heat rate (varies with load) |
+    ### Heat Rate Calculation
+    The heat rate varies with load fraction to model part-load efficiency degradation:
+    - At rated load: `heat_rate = heat_rate_at_rated_load`
+    - At minimum load: `heat_rate = heat_rate_at_rated_load × part_load_factor`
+    - Between: Linear interpolation
+    Fuel consumption is calculated as:
+    $$
+    \text{fuel\_consumption} = \text{power} \times \text{heat\_rate} \times \frac{\Delta t}{3600}
+    $$
+    Where $\Delta t$ is the timestep in seconds.
+    ## YAML Configuration
+    ### Minimal Configuration
+    Only required parameters (uses all defaults):
+    ```yaml
+    open_cycle_gas_turbine:
+      component_type: OpenCycleGasTurbine
+      rated_capacity: 100000  # kW (100 MW)
+      initial_conditions:
+        power: 0
+        state_num: 0  # 0 = off
+    ```
+    ### Full Configuration
+    All parameters explicitly specified:
+    ```yaml
+    open_cycle_gas_turbine:
+      component_type: OpenCycleGasTurbine
+      rated_capacity: 100000  # kW (100 MW)
+      min_stable_load_fraction: 0.4  # 40% minimum operating point
+      ramp_rate_fraction: 0.1  # 10%/min ramp rate
+      run_up_rate_fraction: 0.05  # 5%/min run up rate
+      hot_startup_time: 420.0  # 7 minutes
+      warm_startup_time: 480.0  # 8 minutes
+      cold_startup_time: 480.0  # 8 minutes
+      min_up_time: 1800  # 30 minutes
+      min_down_time: 3600  # 1 hour
+      part_load_factor: 1.25  # 25% heat rate penalty at min load
+      heat_rate_at_rated_load: 10000  # kJ/kWh at rated load
+      log_channels:
+        - power
+        - fuel_consumption
+        - state_num
+        - heat_rate
+        - power_setpoint
+      initial_conditions:
+        power: 0
+        state_num: 0  # 0 = off
+    ```
+    ## Logging Configuration
+    The `log_channels` parameter controls which outputs are written to the HDF5 output file.
+    **Available Channels:**
+    - `power`: Actual power output in kW (always logged)
+    - `state_num`: Operating state number (0-5)
+    - `fuel_consumption`: Fuel consumed per timestep in kJ
+    - `heat_rate`: Current heat rate in kJ/kWh
+    - `power_setpoint`: Requested power setpoint in kW
+    ## References
+. Agora Energiewende (2017): "Flexibility in thermal power plants - With a focus on existing coal-fired power plants."
+. "Impact of Detailed Parameter Modeling of Open-Cycle Gas Turbines on Production Cost Simulation", NREL/CP-6A40-87554, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2024.
+. Deane, J.P., G. Drayton, and B.P. Ó Gallachóir. "The Impact of Sub-Hourly Modelling in Power Systems with Significant Levels of Renewable Generation." Applied Energy 113 (January 2014): 152–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.07.027.
+. IRENA (2019), Innovation landscape brief: Flexibility in conventional power plants, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
+. M. Oakes, M. Turner, "Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 5: Natural Gas Electricity Generating Units for Flexible Operation," National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, May 5, 2023.

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