From e12ae42809380ca20739f1ef0dbe3235adb29c00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "copilot-swe-agent[bot]" <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 15:24:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/6] Initial plan


From 81d0c2a75ded33ce0921a8692edab4645ee9a512 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "copilot-swe-agent[bot]" <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 15:41:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/6] [virtio] Add modern VirtIO (v1.2.0) support with backward
 compatibility

- Updated Kconfig to support both legacy and modern versions
- Added version field to virtio_device structure
- Implemented 64-bit feature negotiation for modern virtio
- Updated queue initialization for modern virtio (separate desc/driver/device areas)
- Added FEATURES_OK check for modern virtio
- Updated all device drivers (blk, net, console, gpu, input) to use new APIs
- Updated BSP drivers to accept both version 1 (legacy) and version 2 (modern)

Co-authored-by: BernardXiong <1241087+BernardXiong@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c |   7 +-
 bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c    |   7 +-
 components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig            |  18 ++-
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio.c           | 128 ++++++++++++++++++-
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h           |  15 ++-
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio_blk.c       |  27 ++--
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio_console.c   |  18 ++-
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio_gpu.c       |  18 ++-
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio_input.c     |  18 ++-
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio_net.c       |  18 ++-
 10 files changed, 240 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c b/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c
index 2634da67732..636b2fde8ad 100644
--- a/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c
+++ b/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c
@@ -74,12 +74,17 @@ int rt_virtio_devices_init(void)
         mmio_config = (struct virtio_mmio_config *)mmio_base;
 
         if (mmio_config->magic != VIRTIO_MAGIC_VALUE ||
-            mmio_config->version != RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION ||
             mmio_config->vendor_id != VIRTIO_VENDOR_ID)
         {
             continue;
         }
 
+        /* Support both legacy (0x1) and modern (0x2) versions */
+        if (mmio_config->version != 1 && mmio_config->version != 2)
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
         init_handler = virtio_device_init_handlers[mmio_config->device_id];
 
         if (init_handler != RT_NULL)
diff --git a/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c b/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c
index e1289863b7e..f7bf6f2098b 100644
--- a/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c
+++ b/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c
@@ -80,12 +80,17 @@ int rt_virtio_devices_init(void)
         mmio_config = (struct virtio_mmio_config *)mmio_base;
 
         if (mmio_config->magic != VIRTIO_MAGIC_VALUE ||
-            mmio_config->version != RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION ||
             mmio_config->vendor_id != VIRTIO_VENDOR_ID)
         {
             continue;
         }
 
+        /* Support both legacy (0x1) and modern (0x2) versions */
+        if (mmio_config->version != 1 && mmio_config->version != 2)
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
         init_handler = virtio_device_init_handlers[mmio_config->device_id];
 
         if (init_handler != RT_NULL)
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig b/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig
index 8298ff75beb..9bccb7ecc5a 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig
@@ -5,10 +5,20 @@ menuconfig RT_USING_VIRTIO
     if RT_USING_VIRTIO
         choice RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION
             prompt "VirtIO Version"
-            default RT_USING_VIRTIO10
-
-            config RT_USING_VIRTIO10
-                bool "VirtIO v1.0"
+            default RT_USING_VIRTIO_LEGACY
+
+            config RT_USING_VIRTIO_LEGACY
+                bool "VirtIO Legacy (v0.95)"
+                help
+                    Support for VirtIO legacy interface (version 0x1).
+                    This is the older version compatible with most existing QEMU versions.
+
+            config RT_USING_VIRTIO_MODERN
+                bool "VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)"
+                help
+                    Support for VirtIO modern interface (version 0x2).
+                    This version supports VirtIO 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 specifications.
+                    Requires QEMU 2.4+ or compatible hypervisor.
         endchoice
 
         config RT_USING_VIRTIO_MMIO_ALIGN
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.c b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.c
index 0ad924e9d70..6f30a2c6aa0 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.c
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.c
@@ -38,7 +38,27 @@ void virtio_status_driver_ok(struct virtio_device *dev)
 {
     _virtio_dev_check(dev);
 
-    dev->mmio_config->status |= VIRTIO_STATUS_FEATURES_OK | VIRTIO_STATUS_DRIVER_OK;
+    if (dev->version == 1)
+    {
+        /* Legacy virtio */
+        dev->mmio_config->status |= VIRTIO_STATUS_FEATURES_OK | VIRTIO_STATUS_DRIVER_OK;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Modern virtio: set FEATURES_OK and verify it */
+        dev->mmio_config->status |= VIRTIO_STATUS_FEATURES_OK;
+
+        /* Verify that device accepted the features */
+        if (!(dev->mmio_config->status & VIRTIO_STATUS_FEATURES_OK))
+        {
+            /* Device doesn't support our feature subset */
+            dev->mmio_config->status |= VIRTIO_STATUS_FAILED;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /* Now set DRIVER_OK */
+        dev->mmio_config->status |= VIRTIO_STATUS_DRIVER_OK;
+    }
 }
 
 void virtio_interrupt_ack(struct virtio_device *dev)
@@ -59,7 +79,66 @@ rt_bool_t virtio_has_feature(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint32_t feature_bit)
 {
     _virtio_dev_check(dev);
 
-    return !!(dev->mmio_config->device_features & (1UL << feature_bit));
+    if (dev->version == 1)
+    {
+        /* Legacy: 32-bit feature bits only */
+        return !!(dev->mmio_config->device_features & (1UL << feature_bit));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Modern: Use 64-bit feature access */
+        rt_uint64_t features = virtio_get_features(dev);
+        return !!(features & (1ULL << feature_bit));
+    }
+}
+
+rt_uint64_t virtio_get_features(struct virtio_device *dev)
+{
+    rt_uint64_t features = 0;
+
+    _virtio_dev_check(dev);
+
+    if (dev->version == 1)
+    {
+        /* Legacy: only lower 32 bits */
+        features = dev->mmio_config->device_features;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Modern: read both 32-bit halves */
+        dev->mmio_config->device_features_sel = 0;
+        features = dev->mmio_config->device_features;
+
+        dev->mmio_config->device_features_sel = 1;
+        features |= ((rt_uint64_t)dev->mmio_config->device_features) << 32;
+    }
+
+    return features;
+}
+
+void virtio_set_features(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint64_t features)
+{
+    _virtio_dev_check(dev);
+
+    if (dev->version == 1)
+    {
+        /* Legacy: only lower 32 bits */
+        dev->mmio_config->driver_features = (rt_uint32_t)features;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Modern: write both 32-bit halves */
+        dev->mmio_config->driver_features_sel = 0;
+        dev->mmio_config->driver_features = (rt_uint32_t)features;
+
+        dev->mmio_config->driver_features_sel = 1;
+        dev->mmio_config->driver_features = (rt_uint32_t)(features >> 32);
+    }
+}
+
+rt_bool_t virtio_has_feature_64(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint64_t features, rt_uint32_t feature_bit)
+{
+    return !!(features & (1ULL << feature_bit));
 }
 
 rt_err_t virtio_queues_alloc(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_size_t queues_num)
@@ -93,6 +172,7 @@ rt_err_t virtio_queue_init(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint32_t queue_index, r
     void *pages;
     rt_size_t pages_total_size;
     struct virtq *queue;
+    rt_uint64_t desc_addr, avail_addr, used_addr;
 
     _virtio_dev_check(dev);
 
@@ -123,18 +203,44 @@ rt_err_t virtio_queue_init(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint32_t queue_index, r
 
     rt_memset(pages, 0, pages_total_size);
 
-    dev->mmio_config->guest_page_size = VIRTIO_PAGE_SIZE;
+    /* Set queue selector */
     dev->mmio_config->queue_sel = queue_index;
     dev->mmio_config->queue_num = ring_size;
-    dev->mmio_config->queue_align = VIRTIO_PAGE_SIZE;
-    dev->mmio_config->queue_pfn = VIRTIO_VA2PA(pages) >> VIRTIO_PAGE_SHIFT;
 
+    /* Calculate queue area addresses */
     queue->num = ring_size;
     queue->desc = (struct virtq_desc *)((rt_ubase_t)pages);
     queue->avail = (struct virtq_avail *)(((rt_ubase_t)pages) + VIRTQ_DESC_TOTAL_SIZE(ring_size));
     queue->used = (struct virtq_used *)VIRTIO_PAGE_ALIGN(
             (rt_ubase_t)&queue->avail->ring[ring_size] + VIRTQ_AVAIL_RES_SIZE);
 
+    desc_addr = VIRTIO_VA2PA(queue->desc);
+    avail_addr = VIRTIO_VA2PA(queue->avail);
+    used_addr = VIRTIO_VA2PA(queue->used);
+
+    if (dev->version == 1)
+    {
+        /* Legacy virtio: use queue_pfn */
+        dev->mmio_config->guest_page_size = VIRTIO_PAGE_SIZE;
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_align = VIRTIO_PAGE_SIZE;
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_pfn = desc_addr >> VIRTIO_PAGE_SHIFT;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Modern virtio: use separate descriptor/driver/device registers */
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_desc_low = (rt_uint32_t)desc_addr;
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_desc_high = (rt_uint32_t)(desc_addr >> 32);
+
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_driver_low = (rt_uint32_t)avail_addr;
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_driver_high = (rt_uint32_t)(avail_addr >> 32);
+
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_device_low = (rt_uint32_t)used_addr;
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_device_high = (rt_uint32_t)(used_addr >> 32);
+
+        /* Enable the queue */
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_ready = 1;
+    }
+
     queue->used_idx = 0;
 
     /* All descriptors start out unused */
@@ -165,7 +271,17 @@ void virtio_queue_destroy(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint32_t queue_index)
     rt_free_align((void *)queue->desc);
 
     dev->mmio_config->queue_sel = queue_index;
-    dev->mmio_config->queue_pfn = RT_NULL;
+
+    if (dev->version == 1)
+    {
+        /* Legacy virtio */
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_pfn = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Modern virtio */
+        dev->mmio_config->queue_ready = 0;
+    }
 
     queue->num = 0;
     queue->desc = RT_NULL;
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h
index 3807585d826..d9e5992ac79 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h
@@ -24,8 +24,13 @@
 #error "Please set RT_NAME_MAX to at lest 16"
 #endif
 
-#ifdef RT_USING_VIRTIO10
-#define RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION 0x1
+/* VirtIO version configuration */
+#ifdef RT_USING_VIRTIO_LEGACY
+#define RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION 0x1  /* Legacy interface */
+#elif defined(RT_USING_VIRTIO_MODERN)
+#define RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION 0x2  /* Modern interface (1.0+) */
+#else
+#define RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION 0x1  /* Default to legacy */
 #endif
 
 #include <virtio_mmio.h>
@@ -111,6 +116,7 @@ enum
 struct virtio_device
 {
     rt_uint32_t irq;
+    rt_uint32_t version;        /* VirtIO version from MMIO config */
 
     struct virtq *queues;
     rt_size_t queues_num;
@@ -136,6 +142,11 @@ void virtio_status_driver_ok(struct virtio_device *dev);
 void virtio_interrupt_ack(struct virtio_device *dev);
 rt_bool_t virtio_has_feature(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint32_t feature_bit);
 
+/* Modern VirtIO feature negotiation (64-bit features) */
+rt_uint64_t virtio_get_features(struct virtio_device *dev);
+void virtio_set_features(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint64_t features);
+rt_bool_t virtio_has_feature_64(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint64_t features, rt_uint32_t feature_bit);
+
 rt_err_t virtio_queues_alloc(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_size_t queues_num);
 void virtio_queues_free(struct virtio_device *dev);
 rt_err_t virtio_queue_init(struct virtio_device *dev, rt_uint32_t queue_index, rt_size_t ring_size);
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_blk.c b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_blk.c
index 4161e5907be..df4e31fa640 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_blk.c
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_blk.c
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_blk_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     char dev_name[RT_NAME_MAX];
     struct virtio_device *virtio_dev;
     struct virtio_blk_device *virtio_blk_dev;
+    rt_uint64_t device_features, driver_features;
 
     virtio_blk_dev = rt_malloc(sizeof(struct virtio_blk_device));
 
@@ -189,6 +190,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_blk_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_dev = &virtio_blk_dev->virtio_dev;
     virtio_dev->irq = irq;
     virtio_dev->mmio_base = mmio_base;
+    virtio_dev->version = virtio_dev->mmio_config->version;
 
     virtio_blk_dev->config = (struct virtio_blk_config *)virtio_dev->mmio_config->config;
 
@@ -200,14 +202,23 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_blk_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_status_acknowledge_driver(virtio_dev);
 
     /* Negotiate features */
-    virtio_dev->mmio_config->driver_features = virtio_dev->mmio_config->device_features & ~(
-            (1 << VIRTIO_BLK_F_RO) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_BLK_F_MQ) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_BLK_F_SCSI) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_BLK_F_CONFIG_WCE) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_ANY_LAYOUT) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+    device_features = virtio_get_features(virtio_dev);
+    driver_features = device_features & ~(
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_BLK_F_RO) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_BLK_F_MQ) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_BLK_F_SCSI) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_BLK_F_CONFIG_WCE) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_ANY_LAYOUT) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+
+    /* For modern virtio, we must support VERSION_1 */
+    if (virtio_dev->version == 2)
+    {
+        driver_features |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1);
+    }
+
+    virtio_set_features(virtio_dev, driver_features);
 
     /* Tell device that feature negotiation is complete and we're completely ready */
     virtio_status_driver_ok(virtio_dev);
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_console.c b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_console.c
index 7ad171cec37..2ebcd0881bf 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_console.c
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_console.c
@@ -674,6 +674,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_console_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     char dev_name[RT_NAME_MAX];
     struct virtio_device *virtio_dev;
     struct virtio_console_device *virtio_console_dev;
+    rt_uint64_t device_features, driver_features;
 
     RT_ASSERT(RT_USING_VIRTIO_CONSOLE_PORT_MAX_NR > 0);
 
@@ -687,6 +688,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_console_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_dev = &virtio_console_dev->virtio_dev;
     virtio_dev->irq = irq;
     virtio_dev->mmio_base = mmio_base;
+    virtio_dev->version = virtio_dev->mmio_config->version;
 
     virtio_console_dev->config = (struct virtio_console_config *)virtio_dev->mmio_config->config;
 
@@ -697,9 +699,19 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_console_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_reset_device(virtio_dev);
     virtio_status_acknowledge_driver(virtio_dev);
 
-    virtio_dev->mmio_config->driver_features = virtio_dev->mmio_config->device_features & ~(
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+    /* Negotiate features */
+    device_features = virtio_get_features(virtio_dev);
+    driver_features = device_features & ~(
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+
+    /* For modern virtio, we must support VERSION_1 */
+    if (virtio_dev->version == 2)
+    {
+        driver_features |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1);
+    }
+
+    virtio_set_features(virtio_dev, driver_features);
 
     virtio_status_driver_ok(virtio_dev);
 
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_gpu.c b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_gpu.c
index fa8981e56c4..9c051a50c01 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_gpu.c
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_gpu.c
@@ -850,6 +850,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_gpu_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     char dev_name[RT_NAME_MAX];
     struct virtio_device *virtio_dev;
     struct virtio_gpu_device *virtio_gpu_dev;
+    rt_uint64_t device_features, driver_features;
 
     virtio_gpu_dev = rt_malloc(sizeof(struct virtio_gpu_device));
 
@@ -861,6 +862,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_gpu_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_dev = &virtio_gpu_dev->virtio_dev;
     virtio_dev->irq = irq;
     virtio_dev->mmio_base = mmio_base;
+    virtio_dev->version = virtio_dev->mmio_config->version;
 
     virtio_gpu_dev->pmode_id = VIRTIO_GPU_INVALID_PMODE_ID;
     virtio_gpu_dev->display_resource_id = 0;
@@ -877,9 +879,19 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_gpu_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_reset_device(virtio_dev);
     virtio_status_acknowledge_driver(virtio_dev);
 
-    virtio_dev->mmio_config->driver_features = virtio_dev->mmio_config->device_features & ~(
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+    /* Negotiate features */
+    device_features = virtio_get_features(virtio_dev);
+    driver_features = device_features & ~(
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+
+    /* For modern virtio, we must support VERSION_1 */
+    if (virtio_dev->version == 2)
+    {
+        driver_features |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1);
+    }
+
+    virtio_set_features(virtio_dev, driver_features);
 
     virtio_status_driver_ok(virtio_dev);
 
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_input.c b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_input.c
index 564b32bcaf6..916a0fe4736 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_input.c
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_input.c
@@ -346,6 +346,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_input_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     char dev_name[RT_NAME_MAX];
     struct virtio_device *virtio_dev;
     struct virtio_input_device *virtio_input_dev;
+    rt_uint64_t device_features, driver_features;
 
     virtio_input_dev = rt_malloc(sizeof(struct virtio_input_device));
 
@@ -357,6 +358,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_input_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_dev = &virtio_input_dev->virtio_dev;
     virtio_dev->irq = irq;
     virtio_dev->mmio_base = mmio_base;
+    virtio_dev->version = virtio_dev->mmio_config->version;
 
     virtio_input_dev->config = (struct virtio_input_config *)virtio_dev->mmio_config->config;
     virtio_input_dev->bsct_handler = RT_NULL;
@@ -368,9 +370,19 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_input_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_reset_device(virtio_dev);
     virtio_status_acknowledge_driver(virtio_dev);
 
-    virtio_dev->mmio_config->driver_features = virtio_dev->mmio_config->device_features & ~(
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+    /* Negotiate features */
+    device_features = virtio_get_features(virtio_dev);
+    driver_features = device_features & ~(
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC));
+
+    /* For modern virtio, we must support VERSION_1 */
+    if (virtio_dev->version == 2)
+    {
+        driver_features |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1);
+    }
+
+    virtio_set_features(virtio_dev, driver_features);
 
     virtio_status_driver_ok(virtio_dev);
 
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_net.c b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_net.c
index d92421b656c..ce40728a920 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_net.c
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio_net.c
@@ -195,6 +195,7 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_net_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     char dev_name[RT_NAME_MAX];
     struct virtio_device *virtio_dev;
     struct virtio_net_device *virtio_net_dev;
+    rt_uint64_t device_features, driver_features;
 
     virtio_net_dev = rt_malloc(sizeof(struct virtio_net_device));
 
@@ -206,15 +207,26 @@ rt_err_t rt_virtio_net_init(rt_ubase_t *mmio_base, rt_uint32_t irq)
     virtio_dev = &virtio_net_dev->virtio_dev;
     virtio_dev->irq = irq;
     virtio_dev->mmio_base = mmio_base;
+    virtio_dev->version = virtio_dev->mmio_config->version;
 
     virtio_net_dev->config = (struct virtio_net_config *)virtio_dev->mmio_config->config;
 
     virtio_reset_device(virtio_dev);
     virtio_status_acknowledge_driver(virtio_dev);
 
-    virtio_dev->mmio_config->driver_features = virtio_dev->mmio_config->device_features & ~(
-            (1 << VIRTIO_NET_F_CTRL_VQ) |
-            (1 << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX));
+    /* Negotiate features */
+    device_features = virtio_get_features(virtio_dev);
+    driver_features = device_features & ~(
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_NET_F_CTRL_VQ) |
+            (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX));
+
+    /* For modern virtio, we must support VERSION_1 */
+    if (virtio_dev->version == 2)
+    {
+        driver_features |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1);
+    }
+
+    virtio_set_features(virtio_dev, driver_features);
 
     virtio_status_driver_ok(virtio_dev);
 

From ee5dac3daaf9b5e8fe8043997805964d86662183 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "copilot-swe-agent[bot]" <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 15:47:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3/6] [virtio] Add comprehensive documentation and maintain
 backward compatibility

- Added README.md with usage guide and migration instructions
- Updated Kconfig to keep RT_USING_VIRTIO10 as alias for backward compatibility
- Documented key differences between legacy and modern VirtIO
- Added troubleshooting and contributing guidelines

Co-authored-by: BernardXiong <1241087+BernardXiong@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig   |   6 +
 components/drivers/virtio/README.md | 168 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h  |   2 +-
 3 files changed, 175 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 components/drivers/virtio/README.md

diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig b/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig
index 9bccb7ecc5a..2baffd23b0d 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/Kconfig
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ menuconfig RT_USING_VIRTIO
                     Support for VirtIO legacy interface (version 0x1).
                     This is the older version compatible with most existing QEMU versions.
 
+            config RT_USING_VIRTIO10
+                bool "VirtIO Legacy (v1.0 - alias for compatibility)"
+                help
+                    Alias for RT_USING_VIRTIO_LEGACY for backward compatibility.
+                    Support for VirtIO legacy interface (version 0x1).
+
             config RT_USING_VIRTIO_MODERN
                 bool "VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)"
                 help
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/README.md b/components/drivers/virtio/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..10278a24ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# VirtIO Driver for RT-Thread
+
+## Overview
+
+The VirtIO driver provides support for virtual I/O devices in RT-Thread, primarily used in virtualized environments like QEMU.
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+The driver now supports both legacy and modern VirtIO specifications:
+
+- **Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)**: Version field 0x1, compatible with older QEMU versions
+- **Modern VirtIO (v1.0+)**: Version field 0x2, supports VirtIO 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 specifications
+
+## Supported Devices
+
+- **VirtIO Block (virtio-blk)**: Virtual block device
+- **VirtIO Network (virtio-net)**: Virtual network interface
+- **VirtIO Console (virtio-console)**: Virtual serial console
+- **VirtIO GPU (virtio-gpu)**: Virtual graphics device
+- **VirtIO Input (virtio-input)**: Virtual input device (keyboard, mouse, tablet)
+
+## Configuration
+
+Use `menuconfig` to configure VirtIO support:
+
+```
+RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers
+```
+
+### Version Selection
+
+Choose between legacy and modern VirtIO:
+
+```
+RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
+```
+
+Options:
+- **VirtIO Legacy (v0.95)**: For compatibility with older QEMU versions (default)
+- **VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)**: For newer QEMU versions (2.4+) with enhanced features
+
+### Device Selection
+
+Enable individual VirtIO devices:
+
+```
+RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers
+```
+
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_BLK`: VirtIO block device support
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_NET`: VirtIO network device support
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_CONSOLE`: VirtIO console device support
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_GPU`: VirtIO GPU device support
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_INPUT`: VirtIO input device support
+
+## Key Differences Between Legacy and Modern VirtIO
+
+### Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)
+- 32-bit feature negotiation
+- Single queue descriptor area
+- Simple status flags
+- Guest page size configuration
+
+### Modern VirtIO (v1.0+)
+- 64-bit feature negotiation (supports more features)
+- Separate descriptor/driver/device queue areas
+- Enhanced status flow with FEATURES_OK check
+- Better memory alignment and atomicity guarantees
+- Config generation field for atomic configuration reads
+
+## Migration Guide
+
+### From Legacy to Modern
+
+1. Update your QEMU command line to use modern VirtIO devices (most recent QEMU versions default to modern)
+2. Change the VirtIO version in menuconfig:
+   ```
+   RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
+   → Select "VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)"
+   ```
+3. Rebuild your application
+4. The driver will automatically negotiate the VERSION_1 feature with the device
+
+### Backward Compatibility
+
+The driver automatically detects the device version from the MMIO config and adapts its behavior accordingly. Both legacy (version 0x1) and modern (version 0x2) devices are supported in the same build.
+
+## BSP Support
+
+The following BSPs have been updated to support both legacy and modern VirtIO:
+
+- `qemu-virt64-riscv`: QEMU RISC-V 64-bit
+- `qemu-virt64-aarch64`: QEMU ARM64 (AArch64)
+
+## Reference Specifications
+
+- [VirtIO Specification v1.0](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/virtio-v1.0.html)
+- [VirtIO Specification v1.1](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/virtio-v1.1.html)
+- [VirtIO Specification v1.2](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html)
+
+## Implementation Details
+
+### Feature Negotiation
+
+Modern VirtIO uses 64-bit feature negotiation:
+- Device exposes features via `device_features` register (selected by `device_features_sel`)
+- Driver acknowledges features via `driver_features` register (selected by `driver_features_sel`)
+- For modern devices, the driver must negotiate `VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1` (feature bit 32)
+
+### Queue Initialization
+
+**Legacy VirtIO:**
+- Uses single `queue_pfn` register pointing to the start of the queue area
+- Guest page size configured via `guest_page_size`
+
+**Modern VirtIO:**
+- Uses separate registers for descriptor, driver (avail), and device (used) areas:
+  - `queue_desc_low`/`queue_desc_high`: Descriptor table address
+  - `queue_driver_low`/`queue_driver_high`: Available ring address
+  - `queue_device_low`/`queue_device_high`: Used ring address
+- Queue activated via `queue_ready` register
+
+### Status Flow
+
+**Modern VirtIO adds FEATURES_OK check:**
+1. Reset device (status = 0)
+2. Set ACKNOWLEDGE and DRIVER status bits
+3. Read and negotiate features
+4. Write negotiated features to device
+5. Set FEATURES_OK status bit
+6. Re-read status to verify FEATURES_OK (device may reject features)
+7. If accepted, proceed with queue setup and set DRIVER_OK
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Device Not Detected
+
+Check that:
+1. QEMU is configured with VirtIO devices
+2. The VirtIO version matches your QEMU configuration
+3. The device memory region is correctly mapped
+
+### Build Errors
+
+Ensure:
+1. The Kconfig is properly configured
+2. All VirtIO header files are included
+3. The BSP supports VirtIO (check `BSP_USING_VIRTIO`)
+
+### Runtime Issues
+
+Debug tips:
+1. Check device version in MMIO config
+2. Verify feature negotiation succeeded
+3. Check queue initialization (descriptor, avail, used ring addresses)
+4. Monitor interrupt status and acknowledgment
+
+## Contributing
+
+When adding new VirtIO devices or features:
+1. Support both legacy and modern versions
+2. Use the helper functions for feature negotiation (`virtio_get_features`, `virtio_set_features`)
+3. Use version checking (`dev->version`) for version-specific code
+4. Test on both legacy and modern QEMU configurations
+
+## License
+
+Apache-2.0
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h
index d9e5992ac79..7064544baa9 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/virtio.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #endif
 
 /* VirtIO version configuration */
-#ifdef RT_USING_VIRTIO_LEGACY
+#if defined(RT_USING_VIRTIO_LEGACY) || defined(RT_USING_VIRTIO10)
 #define RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION 0x1  /* Legacy interface */
 #elif defined(RT_USING_VIRTIO_MODERN)
 #define RT_USING_VIRTIO_VERSION 0x2  /* Modern interface (1.0+) */

From 4c01059cf2259d2ee3be5ca383f7e4f54f870906 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "copilot-swe-agent[bot]" <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 15:53:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 4/6] [virtio] Add comprehensive testing guide

- Added TESTING.md with test procedures for legacy and modern VirtIO
- Documented QEMU command lines for both modes
- Included device-specific testing instructions
- Added debugging tips and common issues section

Co-authored-by: BernardXiong <1241087+BernardXiong@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md | 301 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 301 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md

diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md b/components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b640a089c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# VirtIO Testing Guide
+
+This guide helps you test VirtIO support on RT-Thread with both legacy and modern versions.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- QEMU installed (version 2.4+ for modern VirtIO support)
+- RT-Thread build environment
+- RISC-V or AArch64 toolchain
+
+## Testing Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)
+
+### 1. Configure RT-Thread
+
+```bash
+cd bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv
+scons --menuconfig
+```
+
+Navigate to:
+```
+RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
+→ Select "VirtIO Legacy (v0.95)" or "VirtIO Legacy (v1.0 - alias for compatibility)"
+```
+
+### 2. Build
+
+```bash
+scons
+```
+
+### 3. Run with QEMU (Legacy Mode)
+
+Force QEMU to use legacy VirtIO:
+
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 \
+  -M virt \
+  -kernel rtthread.bin \
+  -nographic \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-modern=on,drive=blk0 \
+  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin \
+  -device virtio-net-device,disable-modern=on,netdev=net0 \
+  -netdev user,id=net0
+```
+
+### 4. Verify
+
+Check that VirtIO devices are detected:
+```
+msh /> list_device
+device         type         ref count
+------ -------------------- ----------
+virtio-blk0    Block Device      0
+virtio-net0    Network Interface 0
+```
+
+## Testing Modern VirtIO (v1.0+)
+
+### 1. Configure RT-Thread
+
+```bash
+cd bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv
+scons --menuconfig
+```
+
+Navigate to:
+```
+RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
+→ Select "VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)"
+```
+
+### 2. Build
+
+```bash
+scons
+```
+
+### 3. Run with QEMU (Modern Mode)
+
+Use default QEMU settings (modern VirtIO):
+
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 \
+  -M virt \
+  -kernel rtthread.bin \
+  -nographic \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0 \
+  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin \
+  -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net0 \
+  -netdev user,id=net0
+```
+
+Or explicitly enable modern mode:
+
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 \
+  -M virt \
+  -kernel rtthread.bin \
+  -nographic \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-legacy=on,drive=blk0 \
+  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin \
+  -device virtio-net-device,disable-legacy=on,netdev=net0 \
+  -netdev user,id=net0
+```
+
+### 4. Verify
+
+Check that VirtIO devices are detected:
+```
+msh /> list_device
+device         type         ref count
+------ -------------------- ----------
+virtio-blk0    Block Device      0
+virtio-net0    Network Interface 0
+```
+
+## Testing Auto-Detection (Recommended)
+
+The driver can auto-detect the VirtIO version. To test this:
+
+### 1. Build with Default Settings
+
+Use the existing configuration (legacy by default):
+```bash
+cd bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv
+scons
+```
+
+### 2. Test with Both QEMU Modes
+
+**Test 1: Legacy QEMU**
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-modern=on,drive=blk0 \
+  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin
+```
+
+**Test 2: Modern QEMU**
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0 \
+  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin
+```
+
+Both should work because the driver detects the version from the MMIO config.
+
+## Testing Individual Devices
+
+### VirtIO Block Device
+
+```bash
+# Create a test disk image
+dd if=/dev/zero of=sd.bin bs=1M count=32
+
+# Run QEMU with block device
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0 \
+  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin
+
+# In RT-Thread shell
+msh /> mkfs -t elm virtio-blk0
+msh /> mount virtio-blk0 / elm
+```
+
+### VirtIO Network Device
+
+```bash
+# Run QEMU with network device
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
+  -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net0 \
+  -netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23
+
+# In RT-Thread shell
+msh /> ifconfig
+```
+
+### VirtIO Console
+
+```bash
+# Run QEMU with console device
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
+  -device virtio-serial-device \
+  -chardev stdio,id=console0 \
+  -device virtconsole,chardev=console0
+
+# Check for virtio-console devices
+msh /> list_device
+```
+
+### VirtIO GPU
+
+```bash
+# Run QEMU with GPU device (requires display)
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin \
+  -device virtio-gpu-device \
+  -serial stdio
+
+# Or with VNC
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
+  -device virtio-gpu-device \
+  -vnc :0
+```
+
+### VirtIO Input (Keyboard/Mouse)
+
+```bash
+# Run QEMU with input devices
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin \
+  -device virtio-keyboard-device \
+  -device virtio-mouse-device \
+  -device virtio-tablet-device
+
+# Check for input devices
+msh /> list_device
+```
+
+## Debugging
+
+### Enable Debug Output
+
+Add debug prints to check version detection:
+
+```c
+// In your application or driver init
+rt_kprintf("VirtIO version: %d\n", virtio_dev->version);
+rt_kprintf("VirtIO magic: 0x%x\n", virtio_dev->mmio_config->magic);
+rt_kprintf("VirtIO device_id: %d\n", virtio_dev->mmio_config->device_id);
+```
+
+### Check QEMU Version
+
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 --version
+```
+
+Modern VirtIO requires QEMU 2.4+.
+
+### Check Feature Negotiation
+
+Add debug output in `virtio_get_features` and `virtio_set_features` to verify feature negotiation.
+
+## Expected Results
+
+### Legacy Mode (Version 1)
+- `dev->version == 1`
+- Features are 32-bit
+- Queue uses `queue_pfn` register
+- No FEATURES_OK check
+
+### Modern Mode (Version 2)
+- `dev->version == 2`
+- Features are 64-bit
+- Queue uses separate desc/driver/device registers
+- FEATURES_OK status check performed
+- VERSION_1 feature negotiated
+
+## Common Issues
+
+### Issue: Device not detected
+**Solution**: Check QEMU device configuration and memory mapping
+
+### Issue: Feature negotiation fails
+**Solution**: Verify QEMU supports the features you're requesting
+
+### Issue: Queue initialization fails
+**Solution**: Check memory alignment and addresses
+
+### Issue: Build errors
+**Solution**: Ensure Kconfig is properly configured and rtconfig.h is generated
+
+## Performance Testing
+
+### Block Device Performance
+
+```bash
+# In RT-Thread shell (with filesystem mounted)
+msh /> dd if=/dev/zero of=/test.bin bs=4096 count=1000
+```
+
+### Network Performance
+
+```bash
+# Use iperf or similar tools
+# Configure network and run throughput tests
+```
+
+## Reporting Issues
+
+When reporting issues, include:
+1. QEMU version
+2. RT-Thread configuration (legacy/modern)
+3. QEMU command line
+4. Error messages or unexpected behavior
+5. Debug output (if enabled)
+
+## Reference
+
+- [QEMU VirtIO Documentation](https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VirtIO)
+- [VirtIO Specification](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html)
+- [RT-Thread VirtIO README](README.md)

From 28683c8fecf00eeefc81a87cbe088cc671cf4046 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "copilot-swe-agent[bot]" <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 15:59:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 5/6] [virtio] Add VirtIO specification references document

- Added SPECIFICATIONS.md with official VirtIO spec links
- Documented v1.0, v1.1, and v1.2 specifications
- Included QEMU documentation references
- Added feature bits and status bits reference tables
- Addresses issue comment requesting specification links

Co-authored-by: BernardXiong <1241087+BernardXiong@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md | 194 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 194 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md

diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md b/components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eb833cda922
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# VirtIO Specification References
+
+## Official VirtIO Specifications
+
+### Latest Version (v1.2)
+**VirtIO 1.2 Specification** (2022-07-14)
+- **Official Link**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html
+- **PDF**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/csd01/virtio-v1.2-csd01.pdf
+- **Status**: OASIS Committee Specification Draft 01
+- **Key Features**: 
+  - All features from v1.1
+  - New devices: Audio, File System, PMEM, RPMB, Video Encoder/Decoder, SCMI, GPIO, RDMA
+  - Enhanced device specifications
+  - Better security and performance features
+
+### VirtIO 1.1 Specification (2019-01-29)
+- **Official Link**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/virtio-v1.1.html
+- **PDF**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/csprd01/virtio-v1.1-csprd01.pdf
+- **Status**: OASIS Committee Specification Public Review Draft 01
+- **Key Features**:
+  - All features from v1.0
+  - Packed ring support (VIRTIO_F_RING_PACKED)
+  - New devices: Socket, Crypto, Signal Distribution Module, IOMMU, Memory
+  - Order-independent feature negotiation
+
+### VirtIO 1.0 Specification (2016-03-08)
+- **Official Link**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/virtio-v1.0.html
+- **PDF**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/cs04/virtio-v1.0-cs04.pdf
+- **Status**: OASIS Committee Specification 04
+- **Key Features**:
+  - Modern interface (version field = 0x2)
+  - 64-bit feature negotiation
+  - Separate queue descriptor/driver/device areas
+  - FEATURES_OK status check
+  - Better memory alignment requirements
+
+### Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)
+- **Reference**: Part of Linux kernel documentation
+- **Link**: https://wiki.libvirt.org/VirtIO.html
+- **Status**: Legacy interface (version field = 0x1)
+- **Note**: Used by older QEMU versions and some embedded systems
+
+## OASIS VirtIO Technical Committee
+
+- **Website**: https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/virtio/
+- **Charter**: Defines standard interfaces for virtual I/O devices
+- **Mailing List**: virtio@lists.oasis-open.org
+- **Git Repository**: https://github.com/oasis-tcs/virtio-spec
+
+## Implementation in RT-Thread
+
+RT-Thread now supports:
+- ✅ **Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)**: Version field 0x1, 32-bit features, legacy queue setup
+- ✅ **Modern VirtIO (v1.0+)**: Version field 0x2, 64-bit features, modern queue setup
+
+The implementation follows the VirtIO 1.2 specification for modern devices while maintaining backward compatibility with legacy devices.
+
+## Device-Specific Specifications
+
+### VirtIO Block Device
+- **Section**: 5.2 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
+- **Features**: Basic block I/O, multiple queues, discard support
+- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
+
+### VirtIO Network Device  
+- **Section**: 5.1 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
+- **Features**: Ethernet interface, checksum offload, multiple queues
+- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
+
+### VirtIO Console Device
+- **Section**: 5.3 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
+- **Features**: Serial console, multiple ports, control messages
+- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
+
+### VirtIO GPU Device
+- **Section**: 5.7 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
+- **Features**: 2D graphics, scanout, resource management
+- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
+
+### VirtIO Input Device
+- **Section**: 5.8 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
+- **Features**: Keyboard, mouse, tablet input events
+- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
+
+## QEMU VirtIO Implementation
+
+### QEMU Documentation
+- **VirtIO Devices**: https://qemu.readthedocs.io/en/latest/system/devices/virtio-net.html
+- **MMIO Transport**: https://qemu.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specs/virtio-mmio.html
+
+### QEMU Version Requirements
+- **Legacy VirtIO**: QEMU 1.0+
+- **Modern VirtIO**: QEMU 2.4+ (recommended 2.6+)
+
+### QEMU Command Line Examples
+
+**Legacy Mode:**
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-modern=on,drive=blk0
+```
+
+**Modern Mode:**
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-legacy=on,drive=blk0
+```
+
+**Auto-detect (Default):**
+```bash
+qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt \
+  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0
+```
+
+## Feature Bits Reference
+
+### Common Features (Section 6 in VirtIO 1.2 spec)
+
+| Bit | Name | Description |
+|-----|------|-------------|
+| 24 | VIRTIO_F_NOTIFY_ON_EMPTY | Notify on empty available ring |
+| 27 | VIRTIO_F_ANY_LAYOUT | Flexible descriptor layout |
+| 28 | VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC | Indirect descriptors |
+| 29 | VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX | Event index for notifications |
+| 32 | VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1 | Compliance with VirtIO 1.0+ |
+| 34 | VIRTIO_F_RING_PACKED | Packed ring layout (1.1+) |
+
+### Device-Specific Features
+
+**Block Device:**
+- Bit 0: VIRTIO_BLK_F_BARRIER - Legacy barrier support
+- Bit 1: VIRTIO_BLK_F_SIZE_MAX - Maximum segment size
+- Bit 2: VIRTIO_BLK_F_SEG_MAX - Maximum segments
+- Bit 5: VIRTIO_BLK_F_RO - Read-only device
+- Bit 9: VIRTIO_BLK_F_FLUSH - Cache flush support
+
+**Network Device:**
+- Bit 0: VIRTIO_NET_F_CSUM - Checksum offload
+- Bit 1: VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_CSUM - Guest checksum
+- Bit 5: VIRTIO_NET_F_MAC - MAC address
+- Bit 6: VIRTIO_NET_F_GSO - Generic segmentation offload
+
+## Status Bits Reference
+
+| Bit | Name | Description |
+|-----|------|-------------|
+| 0 | ACKNOWLEDGE | Driver has found the device |
+| 1 | DRIVER | Driver knows how to drive the device |
+| 2 | DRIVER_OK | Driver is set up and ready |
+| 3 | FEATURES_OK | Feature negotiation complete |
+| 6 | NEEDS_RESET | Device experienced unrecoverable error |
+| 7 | FAILED | Driver gave up on device |
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+### Linux Kernel VirtIO Implementation
+- **Source**: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/drivers/virtio
+- **Documentation**: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/virtual/
+
+### KVM/QEMU VirtIO
+- **KVM Forum**: https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Virtio
+- **QEMU Wiki**: https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VirtIO
+
+### Books and Papers
+- **"Hardware Virtualization: Platforms and Applications"** - Covers VirtIO design
+- **"Virtual Machines: Versatile Platforms for Systems and Processes"** - Chapter on I/O virtualization
+
+## RT-Thread Specific Documentation
+
+- **[README.md](README.md)**: RT-Thread VirtIO usage guide
+- **[TESTING.md](TESTING.md)**: Testing procedures for both legacy and modern modes
+
+## Version History
+
+| Date | Version | RT-Thread Support | Notes |
+|------|---------|------------------|-------|
+| 2022-07-14 | 1.2 | ✅ Yes | Latest specification |
+| 2019-01-29 | 1.1 | ✅ Yes | Packed ring support |
+| 2016-03-08 | 1.0 | ✅ Yes | Modern interface |
+| ~2013 | 0.95 | ✅ Yes | Legacy interface (default) |
+
+## Contact and Support
+
+- **RT-Thread Forum**: https://club.rt-thread.io/
+- **GitHub Issues**: https://github.com/RT-Thread/rt-thread/issues
+- **VirtIO Mailing List**: virtio@lists.oasis-open.org
+
+## License
+
+VirtIO specifications are licensed under:
+- OASIS Open Source License (VirtIO 1.0+)
+
+RT-Thread VirtIO driver is licensed under:
+- Apache License 2.0

From a45ccc69cb89e13ace1ed5ca4a9d753a61852c9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "copilot-swe-agent[bot]" <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 22:42:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 6/6] [virtio] Address review feedback - simplify documentation
 and fix cppcheck

- Removed TESTING.md and SPECIFICATIONS.md as requested
- Simplified README.md with essential information only
- Added Chinese version README_zh.md with language links
- Fixed cppcheck AST error by rewriting version check condition
- Changed from (version != 1 && version != 2) to ((version < 1) || (version > 2))

Co-authored-by: BernardXiong <1241087+BernardXiong@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c |   2 +-
 bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c    |   2 +-
 components/drivers/virtio/README.md          |  81 +----
 components/drivers/virtio/README_zh.md       | 101 +++++++
 components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md  | 194 ------------
 components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md         | 301 -------------------
 6 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 571 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 components/drivers/virtio/README_zh.md
 delete mode 100644 components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md
 delete mode 100644 components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md

diff --git a/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c b/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c
index 636b2fde8ad..69b4e64ac25 100644
--- a/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c
+++ b/bsp/qemu-virt64-aarch64/drivers/drv_virtio.c
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ int rt_virtio_devices_init(void)
         }
 
         /* Support both legacy (0x1) and modern (0x2) versions */
-        if (mmio_config->version != 1 && mmio_config->version != 2)
+        if ((mmio_config->version < 1) || (mmio_config->version > 2))
         {
             continue;
         }
diff --git a/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c b/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c
index f7bf6f2098b..5a6422c3c8e 100644
--- a/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c
+++ b/bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv/driver/drv_virtio.c
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ int rt_virtio_devices_init(void)
         }
 
         /* Support both legacy (0x1) and modern (0x2) versions */
-        if (mmio_config->version != 1 && mmio_config->version != 2)
+        if ((mmio_config->version < 1) || (mmio_config->version > 2))
         {
             continue;
         }
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/README.md b/components/drivers/virtio/README.md
index 10278a24ed8..f605b7b3a2a 100644
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/README.md
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # VirtIO Driver for RT-Thread
 
+[中文](README_zh.md) | English
+
 ## Overview
 
 The VirtIO driver provides support for virtual I/O devices in RT-Thread, primarily used in virtualized environments like QEMU.
@@ -43,17 +45,13 @@ Options:
 
 Enable individual VirtIO devices:
 
-```
-RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers
-```
-
 - `RT_USING_VIRTIO_BLK`: VirtIO block device support
 - `RT_USING_VIRTIO_NET`: VirtIO network device support
 - `RT_USING_VIRTIO_CONSOLE`: VirtIO console device support
 - `RT_USING_VIRTIO_GPU`: VirtIO GPU device support
 - `RT_USING_VIRTIO_INPUT`: VirtIO input device support
 
-## Key Differences Between Legacy and Modern VirtIO
+## Key Differences
 
 ### Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)
 - 32-bit feature negotiation
@@ -66,7 +64,6 @@ RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers
 - Separate descriptor/driver/device queue areas
 - Enhanced status flow with FEATURES_OK check
 - Better memory alignment and atomicity guarantees
-- Config generation field for atomic configuration reads
 
 ## Migration Guide
 
@@ -94,74 +91,10 @@ The following BSPs have been updated to support both legacy and modern VirtIO:
 
 ## Reference Specifications
 
-- [VirtIO Specification v1.0](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/virtio-v1.0.html)
-- [VirtIO Specification v1.1](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/virtio-v1.1.html)
-- [VirtIO Specification v1.2](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html)
-
-## Implementation Details
-
-### Feature Negotiation
-
-Modern VirtIO uses 64-bit feature negotiation:
-- Device exposes features via `device_features` register (selected by `device_features_sel`)
-- Driver acknowledges features via `driver_features` register (selected by `driver_features_sel`)
-- For modern devices, the driver must negotiate `VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1` (feature bit 32)
-
-### Queue Initialization
-
-**Legacy VirtIO:**
-- Uses single `queue_pfn` register pointing to the start of the queue area
-- Guest page size configured via `guest_page_size`
-
-**Modern VirtIO:**
-- Uses separate registers for descriptor, driver (avail), and device (used) areas:
-  - `queue_desc_low`/`queue_desc_high`: Descriptor table address
-  - `queue_driver_low`/`queue_driver_high`: Available ring address
-  - `queue_device_low`/`queue_device_high`: Used ring address
-- Queue activated via `queue_ready` register
-
-### Status Flow
-
-**Modern VirtIO adds FEATURES_OK check:**
-1. Reset device (status = 0)
-2. Set ACKNOWLEDGE and DRIVER status bits
-3. Read and negotiate features
-4. Write negotiated features to device
-5. Set FEATURES_OK status bit
-6. Re-read status to verify FEATURES_OK (device may reject features)
-7. If accepted, proceed with queue setup and set DRIVER_OK
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-### Device Not Detected
-
-Check that:
-1. QEMU is configured with VirtIO devices
-2. The VirtIO version matches your QEMU configuration
-3. The device memory region is correctly mapped
-
-### Build Errors
-
-Ensure:
-1. The Kconfig is properly configured
-2. All VirtIO header files are included
-3. The BSP supports VirtIO (check `BSP_USING_VIRTIO`)
-
-### Runtime Issues
-
-Debug tips:
-1. Check device version in MMIO config
-2. Verify feature negotiation succeeded
-3. Check queue initialization (descriptor, avail, used ring addresses)
-4. Monitor interrupt status and acknowledgment
-
-## Contributing
-
-When adding new VirtIO devices or features:
-1. Support both legacy and modern versions
-2. Use the helper functions for feature negotiation (`virtio_get_features`, `virtio_set_features`)
-3. Use version checking (`dev->version`) for version-specific code
-4. Test on both legacy and modern QEMU configurations
+- [VirtIO Specification v1.2](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html) (Latest, 2022)
+- [VirtIO Specification v1.1](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/virtio-v1.1.html) (2019)
+- [VirtIO Specification v1.0](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/virtio-v1.0.html) (2016)
+- [OASIS VirtIO TC](https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/virtio/)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/README_zh.md b/components/drivers/virtio/README_zh.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d8ad9a2b63b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/drivers/virtio/README_zh.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# RT-Thread VirtIO 驱动
+
+[English](README.md) | 中文
+
+## 概述
+
+VirtIO 驱动为 RT-Thread 提供虚拟 I/O 设备支持，主要用于 QEMU 等虚拟化环境。
+
+## 支持的版本
+
+驱动现已支持传统版和现代版 VirtIO 规范：
+
+- **传统版 VirtIO (v0.95)**：版本字段为 0x1，兼容较旧的 QEMU 版本
+- **现代版 VirtIO (v1.0+)**：版本字段为 0x2，支持 VirtIO 1.0、1.1 和 1.2 规范
+
+## 支持的设备
+
+- **VirtIO 块设备 (virtio-blk)**：虚拟块设备
+- **VirtIO 网络设备 (virtio-net)**：虚拟网络接口
+- **VirtIO 控制台 (virtio-console)**：虚拟串口控制台
+- **VirtIO GPU (virtio-gpu)**：虚拟图形设备
+- **VirtIO 输入设备 (virtio-input)**：虚拟输入设备（键盘、鼠标、触摸板）
+
+## 配置
+
+使用 `menuconfig` 配置 VirtIO 支持：
+
+```
+RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers
+```
+
+### 版本选择
+
+在传统版和现代版 VirtIO 之间选择：
+
+```
+RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
+```
+
+选项：
+- **VirtIO Legacy (v0.95)**：与较旧的 QEMU 版本兼容（默认）
+- **VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)**：用于较新的 QEMU 版本（2.4+），具有增强功能
+
+### 设备选择
+
+启用各个 VirtIO 设备：
+
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_BLK`：VirtIO 块设备支持
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_NET`：VirtIO 网络设备支持
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_CONSOLE`：VirtIO 控制台支持
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_GPU`：VirtIO GPU 支持
+- `RT_USING_VIRTIO_INPUT`：VirtIO 输入设备支持
+
+## 主要区别
+
+### 传统版 VirtIO (v0.95)
+- 32 位特性协商
+- 单一队列描述符区域
+- 简单状态标志
+- 客户机页面大小配置
+
+### 现代版 VirtIO (v1.0+)
+- 64 位特性协商（支持更多特性）
+- 独立的描述符/驱动/设备队列区域
+- 增强的状态流程，带 FEATURES_OK 检查
+- 更好的内存对齐和原子性保证
+
+## 迁移指南
+
+### 从传统版迁移到现代版
+
+1. 更新 QEMU 命令行以使用现代版 VirtIO 设备（最新的 QEMU 版本默认使用现代版）
+2. 在 menuconfig 中更改 VirtIO 版本：
+   ```
+   RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
+   → 选择 "VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)"
+   ```
+3. 重新构建应用程序
+4. 驱动将自动与设备协商 VERSION_1 特性
+
+### 向后兼容性
+
+驱动从 MMIO 配置中自动检测设备版本，并相应调整其行为。传统版（版本 0x1）和现代版（版本 0x2）设备在同一构建中都受支持。
+
+## BSP 支持
+
+以下 BSP 已更新以支持传统版和现代版 VirtIO：
+
+- `qemu-virt64-riscv`：QEMU RISC-V 64 位
+- `qemu-virt64-aarch64`：QEMU ARM64 (AArch64)
+
+## 规范参考
+
+- [VirtIO 规范 v1.2](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html)（最新，2022）
+- [VirtIO 规范 v1.1](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/virtio-v1.1.html)（2019）
+- [VirtIO 规范 v1.0](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/virtio-v1.0.html)（2016）
+- [OASIS VirtIO 技术委员会](https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/virtio/)
+
+## 许可证
+
+Apache-2.0
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md b/components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md
deleted file mode 100644
index eb833cda922..00000000000
--- a/components/drivers/virtio/SPECIFICATIONS.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-# VirtIO Specification References
-
-## Official VirtIO Specifications
-
-### Latest Version (v1.2)
-**VirtIO 1.2 Specification** (2022-07-14)
-- **Official Link**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html
-- **PDF**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/csd01/virtio-v1.2-csd01.pdf
-- **Status**: OASIS Committee Specification Draft 01
-- **Key Features**: 
-  - All features from v1.1
-  - New devices: Audio, File System, PMEM, RPMB, Video Encoder/Decoder, SCMI, GPIO, RDMA
-  - Enhanced device specifications
-  - Better security and performance features
-
-### VirtIO 1.1 Specification (2019-01-29)
-- **Official Link**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/virtio-v1.1.html
-- **PDF**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/csprd01/virtio-v1.1-csprd01.pdf
-- **Status**: OASIS Committee Specification Public Review Draft 01
-- **Key Features**:
-  - All features from v1.0
-  - Packed ring support (VIRTIO_F_RING_PACKED)
-  - New devices: Socket, Crypto, Signal Distribution Module, IOMMU, Memory
-  - Order-independent feature negotiation
-
-### VirtIO 1.0 Specification (2016-03-08)
-- **Official Link**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/virtio-v1.0.html
-- **PDF**: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.0/cs04/virtio-v1.0-cs04.pdf
-- **Status**: OASIS Committee Specification 04
-- **Key Features**:
-  - Modern interface (version field = 0x2)
-  - 64-bit feature negotiation
-  - Separate queue descriptor/driver/device areas
-  - FEATURES_OK status check
-  - Better memory alignment requirements
-
-### Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)
-- **Reference**: Part of Linux kernel documentation
-- **Link**: https://wiki.libvirt.org/VirtIO.html
-- **Status**: Legacy interface (version field = 0x1)
-- **Note**: Used by older QEMU versions and some embedded systems
-
-## OASIS VirtIO Technical Committee
-
-- **Website**: https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/virtio/
-- **Charter**: Defines standard interfaces for virtual I/O devices
-- **Mailing List**: virtio@lists.oasis-open.org
-- **Git Repository**: https://github.com/oasis-tcs/virtio-spec
-
-## Implementation in RT-Thread
-
-RT-Thread now supports:
-- ✅ **Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)**: Version field 0x1, 32-bit features, legacy queue setup
-- ✅ **Modern VirtIO (v1.0+)**: Version field 0x2, 64-bit features, modern queue setup
-
-The implementation follows the VirtIO 1.2 specification for modern devices while maintaining backward compatibility with legacy devices.
-
-## Device-Specific Specifications
-
-### VirtIO Block Device
-- **Section**: 5.2 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
-- **Features**: Basic block I/O, multiple queues, discard support
-- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
-
-### VirtIO Network Device  
-- **Section**: 5.1 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
-- **Features**: Ethernet interface, checksum offload, multiple queues
-- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
-
-### VirtIO Console Device
-- **Section**: 5.3 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
-- **Features**: Serial console, multiple ports, control messages
-- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
-
-### VirtIO GPU Device
-- **Section**: 5.7 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
-- **Features**: 2D graphics, scanout, resource management
-- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
-
-### VirtIO Input Device
-- **Section**: 5.8 in VirtIO 1.2 spec
-- **Features**: Keyboard, mouse, tablet input events
-- **Status**: Fully implemented in RT-Thread
-
-## QEMU VirtIO Implementation
-
-### QEMU Documentation
-- **VirtIO Devices**: https://qemu.readthedocs.io/en/latest/system/devices/virtio-net.html
-- **MMIO Transport**: https://qemu.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specs/virtio-mmio.html
-
-### QEMU Version Requirements
-- **Legacy VirtIO**: QEMU 1.0+
-- **Modern VirtIO**: QEMU 2.4+ (recommended 2.6+)
-
-### QEMU Command Line Examples
-
-**Legacy Mode:**
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-modern=on,drive=blk0
-```
-
-**Modern Mode:**
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-legacy=on,drive=blk0
-```
-
-**Auto-detect (Default):**
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0
-```
-
-## Feature Bits Reference
-
-### Common Features (Section 6 in VirtIO 1.2 spec)
-
-| Bit | Name | Description |
-|-----|------|-------------|
-| 24 | VIRTIO_F_NOTIFY_ON_EMPTY | Notify on empty available ring |
-| 27 | VIRTIO_F_ANY_LAYOUT | Flexible descriptor layout |
-| 28 | VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC | Indirect descriptors |
-| 29 | VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX | Event index for notifications |
-| 32 | VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1 | Compliance with VirtIO 1.0+ |
-| 34 | VIRTIO_F_RING_PACKED | Packed ring layout (1.1+) |
-
-### Device-Specific Features
-
-**Block Device:**
-- Bit 0: VIRTIO_BLK_F_BARRIER - Legacy barrier support
-- Bit 1: VIRTIO_BLK_F_SIZE_MAX - Maximum segment size
-- Bit 2: VIRTIO_BLK_F_SEG_MAX - Maximum segments
-- Bit 5: VIRTIO_BLK_F_RO - Read-only device
-- Bit 9: VIRTIO_BLK_F_FLUSH - Cache flush support
-
-**Network Device:**
-- Bit 0: VIRTIO_NET_F_CSUM - Checksum offload
-- Bit 1: VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_CSUM - Guest checksum
-- Bit 5: VIRTIO_NET_F_MAC - MAC address
-- Bit 6: VIRTIO_NET_F_GSO - Generic segmentation offload
-
-## Status Bits Reference
-
-| Bit | Name | Description |
-|-----|------|-------------|
-| 0 | ACKNOWLEDGE | Driver has found the device |
-| 1 | DRIVER | Driver knows how to drive the device |
-| 2 | DRIVER_OK | Driver is set up and ready |
-| 3 | FEATURES_OK | Feature negotiation complete |
-| 6 | NEEDS_RESET | Device experienced unrecoverable error |
-| 7 | FAILED | Driver gave up on device |
-
-## Additional Resources
-
-### Linux Kernel VirtIO Implementation
-- **Source**: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/drivers/virtio
-- **Documentation**: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/virtual/
-
-### KVM/QEMU VirtIO
-- **KVM Forum**: https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Virtio
-- **QEMU Wiki**: https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VirtIO
-
-### Books and Papers
-- **"Hardware Virtualization: Platforms and Applications"** - Covers VirtIO design
-- **"Virtual Machines: Versatile Platforms for Systems and Processes"** - Chapter on I/O virtualization
-
-## RT-Thread Specific Documentation
-
-- **[README.md](README.md)**: RT-Thread VirtIO usage guide
-- **[TESTING.md](TESTING.md)**: Testing procedures for both legacy and modern modes
-
-## Version History
-
-| Date | Version | RT-Thread Support | Notes |
-|------|---------|------------------|-------|
-| 2022-07-14 | 1.2 | ✅ Yes | Latest specification |
-| 2019-01-29 | 1.1 | ✅ Yes | Packed ring support |
-| 2016-03-08 | 1.0 | ✅ Yes | Modern interface |
-| ~2013 | 0.95 | ✅ Yes | Legacy interface (default) |
-
-## Contact and Support
-
-- **RT-Thread Forum**: https://club.rt-thread.io/
-- **GitHub Issues**: https://github.com/RT-Thread/rt-thread/issues
-- **VirtIO Mailing List**: virtio@lists.oasis-open.org
-
-## License
-
-VirtIO specifications are licensed under:
-- OASIS Open Source License (VirtIO 1.0+)
-
-RT-Thread VirtIO driver is licensed under:
-- Apache License 2.0
diff --git a/components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md b/components/drivers/virtio/TESTING.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b640a089c5c..00000000000
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-# VirtIO Testing Guide
-
-This guide helps you test VirtIO support on RT-Thread with both legacy and modern versions.
-
-## Prerequisites
-
-- QEMU installed (version 2.4+ for modern VirtIO support)
-- RT-Thread build environment
-- RISC-V or AArch64 toolchain
-
-## Testing Legacy VirtIO (v0.95)
-
-### 1. Configure RT-Thread
-
-```bash
-cd bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv
-scons --menuconfig
-```
-
-Navigate to:
-```
-RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
-→ Select "VirtIO Legacy (v0.95)" or "VirtIO Legacy (v1.0 - alias for compatibility)"
-```
-
-### 2. Build
-
-```bash
-scons
-```
-
-### 3. Run with QEMU (Legacy Mode)
-
-Force QEMU to use legacy VirtIO:
-
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 \
-  -M virt \
-  -kernel rtthread.bin \
-  -nographic \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-modern=on,drive=blk0 \
-  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin \
-  -device virtio-net-device,disable-modern=on,netdev=net0 \
-  -netdev user,id=net0
-```
-
-### 4. Verify
-
-Check that VirtIO devices are detected:
-```
-msh /> list_device
-device         type         ref count
------- -------------------- ----------
-virtio-blk0    Block Device      0
-virtio-net0    Network Interface 0
-```
-
-## Testing Modern VirtIO (v1.0+)
-
-### 1. Configure RT-Thread
-
-```bash
-cd bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv
-scons --menuconfig
-```
-
-Navigate to:
-```
-RT-Thread Components → Device Drivers → Using VirtIO device drivers → VirtIO Version
-→ Select "VirtIO Modern (v1.0+)"
-```
-
-### 2. Build
-
-```bash
-scons
-```
-
-### 3. Run with QEMU (Modern Mode)
-
-Use default QEMU settings (modern VirtIO):
-
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 \
-  -M virt \
-  -kernel rtthread.bin \
-  -nographic \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0 \
-  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin \
-  -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net0 \
-  -netdev user,id=net0
-```
-
-Or explicitly enable modern mode:
-
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 \
-  -M virt \
-  -kernel rtthread.bin \
-  -nographic \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-legacy=on,drive=blk0 \
-  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin \
-  -device virtio-net-device,disable-legacy=on,netdev=net0 \
-  -netdev user,id=net0
-```
-
-### 4. Verify
-
-Check that VirtIO devices are detected:
-```
-msh /> list_device
-device         type         ref count
------- -------------------- ----------
-virtio-blk0    Block Device      0
-virtio-net0    Network Interface 0
-```
-
-## Testing Auto-Detection (Recommended)
-
-The driver can auto-detect the VirtIO version. To test this:
-
-### 1. Build with Default Settings
-
-Use the existing configuration (legacy by default):
-```bash
-cd bsp/qemu-virt64-riscv
-scons
-```
-
-### 2. Test with Both QEMU Modes
-
-**Test 1: Legacy QEMU**
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,disable-modern=on,drive=blk0 \
-  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin
-```
-
-**Test 2: Modern QEMU**
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0 \
-  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin
-```
-
-Both should work because the driver detects the version from the MMIO config.
-
-## Testing Individual Devices
-
-### VirtIO Block Device
-
-```bash
-# Create a test disk image
-dd if=/dev/zero of=sd.bin bs=1M count=32
-
-# Run QEMU with block device
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
-  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=blk0 \
-  -drive if=none,id=blk0,file=sd.bin
-
-# In RT-Thread shell
-msh /> mkfs -t elm virtio-blk0
-msh /> mount virtio-blk0 / elm
-```
-
-### VirtIO Network Device
-
-```bash
-# Run QEMU with network device
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
-  -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net0 \
-  -netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23
-
-# In RT-Thread shell
-msh /> ifconfig
-```
-
-### VirtIO Console
-
-```bash
-# Run QEMU with console device
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
-  -device virtio-serial-device \
-  -chardev stdio,id=console0 \
-  -device virtconsole,chardev=console0
-
-# Check for virtio-console devices
-msh /> list_device
-```
-
-### VirtIO GPU
-
-```bash
-# Run QEMU with GPU device (requires display)
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin \
-  -device virtio-gpu-device \
-  -serial stdio
-
-# Or with VNC
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic \
-  -device virtio-gpu-device \
-  -vnc :0
-```
-
-### VirtIO Input (Keyboard/Mouse)
-
-```bash
-# Run QEMU with input devices
-qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -kernel rtthread.bin \
-  -device virtio-keyboard-device \
-  -device virtio-mouse-device \
-  -device virtio-tablet-device
-
-# Check for input devices
-msh /> list_device
-```
-
-## Debugging
-
-### Enable Debug Output
-
-Add debug prints to check version detection:
-
-```c
-// In your application or driver init
-rt_kprintf("VirtIO version: %d\n", virtio_dev->version);
-rt_kprintf("VirtIO magic: 0x%x\n", virtio_dev->mmio_config->magic);
-rt_kprintf("VirtIO device_id: %d\n", virtio_dev->mmio_config->device_id);
-```
-
-### Check QEMU Version
-
-```bash
-qemu-system-riscv64 --version
-```
-
-Modern VirtIO requires QEMU 2.4+.
-
-### Check Feature Negotiation
-
-Add debug output in `virtio_get_features` and `virtio_set_features` to verify feature negotiation.
-
-## Expected Results
-
-### Legacy Mode (Version 1)
-- `dev->version == 1`
-- Features are 32-bit
-- Queue uses `queue_pfn` register
-- No FEATURES_OK check
-
-### Modern Mode (Version 2)
-- `dev->version == 2`
-- Features are 64-bit
-- Queue uses separate desc/driver/device registers
-- FEATURES_OK status check performed
-- VERSION_1 feature negotiated
-
-## Common Issues
-
-### Issue: Device not detected
-**Solution**: Check QEMU device configuration and memory mapping
-
-### Issue: Feature negotiation fails
-**Solution**: Verify QEMU supports the features you're requesting
-
-### Issue: Queue initialization fails
-**Solution**: Check memory alignment and addresses
-
-### Issue: Build errors
-**Solution**: Ensure Kconfig is properly configured and rtconfig.h is generated
-
-## Performance Testing
-
-### Block Device Performance
-
-```bash
-# In RT-Thread shell (with filesystem mounted)
-msh /> dd if=/dev/zero of=/test.bin bs=4096 count=1000
-```
-
-### Network Performance
-
-```bash
-# Use iperf or similar tools
-# Configure network and run throughput tests
-```
-
-## Reporting Issues
-
-When reporting issues, include:
-1. QEMU version
-2. RT-Thread configuration (legacy/modern)
-3. QEMU command line
-4. Error messages or unexpected behavior
-5. Debug output (if enabled)
-
-## Reference
-
-- [QEMU VirtIO Documentation](https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VirtIO)
-- [VirtIO Specification](https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/virtio-v1.2.html)
-- [RT-Thread VirtIO README](README.md)