feat(popover): Add CDK Popover

[BreadInvasion]

Feature Description

Implement a CDK component which utilizes the Popover API to display popover content.

(Presented as alternative to #28769)

Use Case

The Popover API is fully supported on all major browsers (with the exception of the hint type), but Angular Material lacks a CDK Popover to serve as a baseline implementation of this API. The Popover API is not a 1:1 replacement for the <dialog> element, therefore it doesn't necessarily make sense to overhaul CDK Overlay using the Popover API, but a CDK Popover would present significant value - particularly for long-standing issue #2691.