GH-44757: [GLib] Add garrow_array_validate() (#45328)

### Rationale for this change

[Array::Validate](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/cpp/api/array.html#_CPPv4NK5arrow5Array8ValidateEv) available in the C++ API.
But, GLib doesn't support that method yet.

### What changes are included in this PR?

This PR adds a validation method in the array class.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

* GitHub Issue: #44757

Authored-by: Hiroyuki Sato <hiroysato@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

Author: hiroyuki-sato

c_glib/arrow-glib/basic-array.cpp

@@ -1017,6 +1017,22 @@ garrow_array_concatenate(GArrowArray *array, GList *other_arrays, GError **error
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * garrow_array_validate:
+ * @array: A #GArrowArray.
+ * @error: (nullable): Return location for a #GError or %NULL.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE on success, %FALSE on error.
+ *
+ * Since: 20.0.0
+ */
+gboolean
+garrow_array_validate(GArrowArray *array, GError **error)
+{
+  const auto arrow_array = garrow_array_get_raw(array);
+  return garrow::check(error, arrow_array->Validate(), "[array][validate]");
+}
+
 G_DEFINE_TYPE(GArrowNullArray, garrow_null_array, GARROW_TYPE_ARRAY)
 
 static void

c_glib/arrow-glib/basic-array.h

@@ -126,6 +126,10 @@ GARROW_AVAILABLE_IN_4_0
 GArrowArray *
 garrow_array_concatenate(GArrowArray *array, GList *other_arrays, GError **error);
 
+GARROW_AVAILABLE_IN_20_0
+gboolean
+garrow_array_validate(GArrowArray *array, GError **error);
+
 #define GARROW_TYPE_NULL_ARRAY (garrow_null_array_get_type())
 GARROW_AVAILABLE_IN_ALL
 G_DECLARE_DERIVABLE_TYPE(

c_glib/test/test-array.rb

@@ -185,4 +185,21 @@ def test_mixed_type
       end
     end
   end
+
+  sub_test_case("#validate") do
+    def test_valid
+      array = build_int32_array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+      assert do
+        array.validate
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_invalid
+      message = "[array][validate]: Invalid: Array length is negative"
+      array = Arrow::Int8Array.new(-1, Arrow::Buffer.new(""), Arrow::Buffer.new(""), -1)
+      assert_raise(Arrow::Error::Invalid.new(message)) do
+        array.validate
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end