GH-45185: [C++][Parquet] Raise an error for invalid repetition levels when delimiting records (#45186)

### Rationale for this change

See #45185. Invalid repetition levels would previously only cause a fatal error in debug builds. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

Converts an existing `ARROW_DCHECK_EQ` of the repetition level with a check that will raise an exception in release builds too.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, using a new example file (apache/parquet-testing#67)

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, reading columns with invalid repetition levels as Arrow arrays will now raise an exception.
* GitHub Issue: #45185

Lead-authored-by: Adam Reeve <adreeve@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>

Author: adamreeve

cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc

@@ -3978,7 +3978,8 @@ TEST(TestImpalaConversion, ArrowTimestampToImpalaTimestamp) {
 }
 
 void TryReadDataFile(const std::string& path,
-                     ::arrow::StatusCode expected_code = ::arrow::StatusCode::OK) {
+                     ::arrow::StatusCode expected_code = ::arrow::StatusCode::OK,
+                     const std::string& expected_message = "") {
   auto pool = ::arrow::default_memory_pool();
 
   std::unique_ptr<FileReader> arrow_reader;
@@ -3992,6 +3993,12 @@ void TryReadDataFile(const std::string& path,
   ASSERT_EQ(s.code(), expected_code)
       << "Expected reading file to return " << arrow::Status::CodeAsString(expected_code)
       << ", but got " << s.ToString();
+
+  if (!expected_message.empty()) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(s.message().find(expected_message), 0)
+        << "Expected an error message beginning with '" << expected_message
+        << "', but got '" << s.message() << "'";
+  }
 }
 
 TEST(TestArrowReaderAdHoc, Int96BadMemoryAccess) {
@@ -4005,6 +4012,13 @@ TEST(TestArrowReaderAdHoc, CorruptedSchema) {
   TryReadDataFile(path, ::arrow::StatusCode::IOError);
 }
 
+TEST(TestArrowReaderAdHoc, InvalidRepetitionLevels) {
+  // GH-45185 - Repetition levels start with 1 instead of 0
+  auto path = test::get_data_file("ARROW-GH-45185.parquet", /*is_good=*/false);
+  TryReadDataFile(path, ::arrow::StatusCode::IOError,
+                  "The repetition level at the start of a record must be 0 but got 1");
+}
+
 TEST(TestArrowReaderAdHoc, LARGE_MEMORY_TEST(LargeStringColumn)) {
   // ARROW-3762
   ::arrow::StringBuilder builder;

cpp/src/parquet/column_reader.cc

@@ -1611,7 +1611,12 @@ class TypedRecordReader : public TypedColumnReaderImpl<DType>,
     // another record start or exhausting the ColumnChunk
     int64_t level = levels_position_;
     if (at_record_start_) {
-      ARROW_DCHECK_EQ(0, rep_levels[levels_position_]);
+      if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(rep_levels[levels_position_] != 0)) {
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << "The repetition level at the start of a record must be 0 but got "
+           << rep_levels[levels_position_];
+        throw ParquetException(ss.str());
+      }
       ++levels_position_;
       // We have decided to consume the level at this position; therefore we
       // must advance until we find another record boundary