diff --git a/ci/docker/linux-r.dockerfile b/ci/docker/linux-r.dockerfile
index c0d5a69a94e..e089ce30cb6 100644
--- a/ci/docker/linux-r.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/linux-r.dockerfile
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ ENV R_CUSTOM_CCACHE=${r_custom_ccache}
 ARG r_update_clang=false
 ENV R_UPDATE_CLANG=${r_update_clang}
 
+ARG r_old_clang=false
+ENV R_OLD_CLANG=${r_old_clang}
+
 ARG tz="UTC"
 ENV TZ=${tz}
 
diff --git a/ci/scripts/r_docker_configure.sh b/ci/scripts/r_docker_configure.sh
index b42b444e0b5..851117cb8b4 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/r_docker_configure.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/r_docker_configure.sh
@@ -97,5 +97,33 @@ if [ "$R_UPDATE_CLANG" = true ]; then
   apt install -y clang-20 lld-20
 fi
 
+# Use an old clang version to simulate CRAN's macos clang-14 environment.
+# This is only for rhub/clang20. If we change the base image from rhub/clang20,
+# we need to update this part too.
+if [ "$R_OLD_CLANG" = true ]; then
+  apt update -y --allow-releaseinfo-change # flag needed for when debian version changes
+  apt install -y clang-14 lld-14 g++-12 libstdc++-12-dev
+
+  update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang clang /usr/bin/clang-14 100
+  update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang++ clang++ /usr/bin/clang++-14 100
+  update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/lld lld /usr/bin/lld-14 100
+
+  clang --version
+  clang++ --version
+
+  mkdir -p ~/.R
+  cat <<'EOF' > ~/.R/Makevars
+CC=clang-14
+CXX=clang++-14
+
+CXX11=clang++-14
+CXX14=clang++-14
+CXX17=clang++-14
+CXX20=clang++-14
+
+LDFLAGS=-fuse-ld=lld
+EOF
+fi
+
 # Workaround for html help install failure; see https://github.com/r-lib/devtools/issues/2084#issuecomment-530912786
 Rscript -e 'x <- file.path(R.home("doc"), "html"); if (!file.exists(x)) {dir.create(x, recursive=TRUE); file.copy(system.file("html/R.css", package="stats"), x)}'
diff --git a/compose.yaml b/compose.yaml
index 87b79300011..ed1a5a06077 100644
--- a/compose.yaml
+++ b/compose.yaml
@@ -1667,6 +1667,7 @@ services:
         r_prune_deps: ${R_PRUNE_DEPS}
         r_custom_ccache: ${R_CUSTOM_CCACHE}
         r_update_clang: ${R_UPDATE_CLANG}
+        r_old_clang: ${R_OLD_CLANG}
     shm_size: *shm-size
     environment:
       <<: [*common, *sccache]
diff --git a/dev/tasks/r/github.linux.cran.yml b/dev/tasks/r/github.linux.cran.yml
index 8e073db775f..af258118d12 100644
--- a/dev/tasks/r/github.linux.cran.yml
+++ b/dev/tasks/r/github.linux.cran.yml
@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ jobs:
           - { r_image: "ubuntu-next" }  # ~ r-patched-linux-x86_64
           - { r_image: "ubuntu-release" }  # ~ r-release-linux-x86_64
           - { r_image: "clang20", skip_vignettes: true, r_update_clang: true }  # ~ r-devel-linux-x86_64-fedora-clang
+          - { r_image: "clang16", skip_vignettes: true, r_old_clang: true }  # ~ r-devel-linux-x86_64-fedora-clang
     env:
       R_ORG: "rhub"
       R_IMAGE: {{ '${{ matrix.config.r_image }}' }}
       R_TAG: "latest"
       ARROW_R_DEV: "FALSE"
       R_UPDATE_CLANG: {{ '${{ matrix.config.r_update_clang }}' }}
+      R_OLD_CLANG: {{ '${{ matrix.config.r_old_clang }}' }}
     steps:
       {{ macros.github_checkout_arrow()|indent }}
       {{ macros.github_install_archery()|indent }}