diff --git a/pkg/copier/buffered.go b/pkg/copier/buffered.go
index 2b5cdeaf..a0a9d95a 100644
--- a/pkg/copier/buffered.go
+++ b/pkg/copier/buffered.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
-	"math"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/applier"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/dbconn"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/metrics"
+	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/status"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/table"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/throttler"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/utils"
@@ -348,20 +348,15 @@ func (c *buffered) GetETA() string {
 	c.Lock()
 	defer c.Unlock()
 	copiedRows, totalRows, pct := c.getCopyStats()
-	rowsPerSecond := c.rowsPerSecond.Load()
-	if pct > 99.99 {
+	estimate, st := etaEstimate(copiedRows, totalRows, pct, c.rowsPerSecond.Load(), c.startTime)
+	switch st {
+	case status.ETADue:
 		return "DUE"
-	}
-	if rowsPerSecond == 0 || time.Since(c.startTime) < copyETAInitialWaitTime {
+	case status.ETAMeasuring:
 		return "TBD"
+	case status.ETAReady, status.ETANone:
+		// A ready estimate is formatted below; ETANone cannot occur during copy.
 	}
-	// divide the remaining rows by how many rows we copied in the last interval per second
-	// "remainingRows" might be the actual rows or the logical rows since
-	// c.getCopyStats() and rowsPerSecond change estimation method when the PK is auto-inc.
-	remainingRows := totalRows - copiedRows
-	remainingSeconds := math.Floor(float64(remainingRows) / float64(rowsPerSecond))
-
-	estimate := time.Duration(remainingSeconds * float64(time.Second))
 	comparison := c.copierEtaHistory.addCurrentEstimateAndCompare(estimate)
 	if comparison != "" {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", estimate.String(), comparison)
@@ -369,6 +364,14 @@ func (c *buffered) GetETA() string {
 	return estimate.String()
 }
 
+func (c *buffered) GetETAState() status.ETA {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+	copiedRows, totalRows, pct := c.getCopyStats()
+	estimate, st := etaEstimate(copiedRows, totalRows, pct, c.rowsPerSecond.Load(), c.startTime)
+	return status.ETA{State: st, Duration: estimate}
+}
+
 func (c *buffered) estimateRowsPerSecondLoop(ctx context.Context) {
 	// We take >10 second averages because with parallel copy it bounces around a lot.
 	// Get progress from chunker since we no longer track rows locally
diff --git a/pkg/copier/copier.go b/pkg/copier/copier.go
index f4321cab..ba700a42 100644
--- a/pkg/copier/copier.go
+++ b/pkg/copier/copier.go
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
 	"log/slog"
+	"math"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/applier"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/dbconn"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/metrics"
+	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/status"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/table"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/throttler"
 )
@@ -22,6 +24,29 @@ const (
 	copyETAInitialWaitTime = 1 * time.Minute  // how long to wait before first estimating copy speed (to allow for fast start)
 )
 
+// etaEstimate returns the estimated remaining copy time and the state of that
+// estimate. The duration is meaningful only when the state is status.ETAReady.
+// No estimate is available before a copy rate has been measured (the first
+// copyETAInitialWaitTime, or while no rows have been timed; status.ETAMeasuring)
+// or once the copy is essentially complete (pct > 99.99; status.ETADue) — the
+// callers present each case (GetETA renders "TBD"/"DUE", GetETAState returns the
+// state and 0 seconds).
+func etaEstimate(copiedRows, totalRows uint64, pct float64, rowsPerSecond uint64, startTime time.Time) (time.Duration, status.ETAState) {
+	if pct > 99.99 {
+		return 0, status.ETADue
+	}
+	if rowsPerSecond == 0 || time.Since(startTime) < copyETAInitialWaitTime {
+		return 0, status.ETAMeasuring
+	}
+	// Divide the remaining rows by how many rows we copied in the last interval
+	// per second. "remainingRows" might be the actual rows or the logical rows
+	// since getCopyStats() and rowsPerSecond change estimation method when the PK
+	// is auto-inc.
+	remainingRows := totalRows - copiedRows
+	remainingSeconds := math.Floor(float64(remainingRows) / float64(rowsPerSecond))
+	return time.Duration(remainingSeconds * float64(time.Second)), status.ETAReady
+}
+
 // Copier is the interface which copiers use. Currently we only have
 // one implementation, which we call unbuffered because it uses
 // INSERT .. SELECT without any intermediate buffering in spirit.
@@ -30,6 +55,12 @@ const (
 type Copier interface {
 	Run(ctx context.Context) error
 	GetETA() string
+	// GetETAState returns the structured copy ETA: its availability (so callers
+	// can distinguish "still measuring" from a real estimate or a near-complete
+	// copy) and, when available, the estimated remaining time. It is the
+	// structured counterpart of GetETA, computed in a single read so the state
+	// and duration are always consistent.
+	GetETAState() status.ETA
 	GetChunker() table.Chunker
 	SetThrottler(throttler throttler.Throttler)
 	GetThrottler() throttler.Throttler
diff --git a/pkg/copier/copier_eta_test.go b/pkg/copier/copier_eta_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c50da4e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/copier/copier_eta_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package copier
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/status"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+// etaEstimate reports a remaining-time estimate only once a copy rate has been
+// measured and while the copy is still meaningfully in flight; the not-ready
+// cases are distinguished as ETAMeasuring (no rate yet) vs ETADue (near done),
+// which the GUI/summary callers turn into "TBD"/"DUE"/0.
+func TestETAEstimate(t *testing.T) {
+	measured := time.Now().Add(-2 * copyETAInitialWaitTime)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		copiedRows   uint64
+		totalRows    uint64
+		pct          float64
+		rowsPerSec   uint64
+		startTime    time.Time
+		wantState    status.ETAState
+		wantDuration time.Duration
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "due once the copy is essentially complete",
+			copiedRows: 999, totalRows: 1000, pct: 99.999, rowsPerSec: 10, startTime: measured,
+			wantState: status.ETADue,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "measuring before a copy rate is known",
+			copiedRows: 100, totalRows: 1000, pct: 10, rowsPerSec: 0, startTime: measured,
+			wantState: status.ETAMeasuring,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "measuring during the initial wait window",
+			copiedRows: 100, totalRows: 1000, pct: 10, rowsPerSec: 50, startTime: time.Now(),
+			wantState: status.ETAMeasuring,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "ready: estimate from remaining rows and rate",
+			copiedRows: 500, totalRows: 1000, pct: 50, rowsPerSec: 10, startTime: measured,
+			wantState: status.ETAReady, wantDuration: 50 * time.Second,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "ready: floors fractional seconds",
+			copiedRows: 0, totalRows: 1000, pct: 0, rowsPerSec: 3, startTime: measured,
+			wantState: status.ETAReady, wantDuration: 333 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			d, st := etaEstimate(tt.copiedRows, tt.totalRows, tt.pct, tt.rowsPerSec, tt.startTime)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantState, st)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantDuration, d)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/copier/unbuffered.go b/pkg/copier/unbuffered.go
index bf002a43..2226999d 100644
--- a/pkg/copier/unbuffered.go
+++ b/pkg/copier/unbuffered.go
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
-	"math"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/dbconn"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/metrics"
+	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/status"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/table"
 	"github.com/block/spirit/pkg/throttler"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
@@ -175,20 +175,15 @@ func (c *Unbuffered) GetETA() string {
 	c.Lock()
 	defer c.Unlock()
 	copiedRows, totalRows, pct := c.getCopyStats()
-	rowsPerSecond := c.rowsPerSecond.Load()
-	if pct > 99.99 {
+	estimate, st := etaEstimate(copiedRows, totalRows, pct, c.rowsPerSecond.Load(), c.startTime)
+	switch st {
+	case status.ETADue:
 		return "DUE"
-	}
-	if rowsPerSecond == 0 || time.Since(c.startTime) < copyETAInitialWaitTime {
+	case status.ETAMeasuring:
 		return "TBD"
+	case status.ETAReady, status.ETANone:
+		// A ready estimate is formatted below; ETANone cannot occur during copy.
 	}
-	// divide the remaining rows by how many rows we copied in the last interval per second
-	// "remainingRows" might be the actual rows or the logical rows since
-	// c.getCopyStats() and rowsPerSecond change estimation method when the PK is auto-inc.
-	remainingRows := totalRows - copiedRows
-	remainingSeconds := math.Floor(float64(remainingRows) / float64(rowsPerSecond))
-
-	estimate := time.Duration(remainingSeconds * float64(time.Second))
 	comparison := c.copierEtaHistory.addCurrentEstimateAndCompare(estimate)
 	if comparison != "" {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", estimate.String(), comparison)
@@ -196,6 +191,14 @@ func (c *Unbuffered) GetETA() string {
 	return estimate.String()
 }
 
+func (c *Unbuffered) GetETAState() status.ETA {
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+	copiedRows, totalRows, pct := c.getCopyStats()
+	estimate, st := etaEstimate(copiedRows, totalRows, pct, c.rowsPerSecond.Load(), c.startTime)
+	return status.ETA{State: st, Duration: estimate}
+}
+
 func (c *Unbuffered) estimateRowsPerSecondLoop(ctx context.Context) {
 	// We take >10 second averages because with parallel copy it bounces around a lot.
 	// Get progress from chunker since we no longer track rows locally
diff --git a/pkg/migration/binlog_test.go b/pkg/migration/binlog_test.go
index bb719c7c..c8b07cf4 100644
--- a/pkg/migration/binlog_test.go
+++ b/pkg/migration/binlog_test.go
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ func TestE2EBinlogSubscribingCompositeKey(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotNil(t, chunk)
 	require.Equal(t, "((`id1` < 1001)\n OR (`id1` = 1001 AND `id2` < 1))", chunk.String())
 	require.NoError(t, ccopier.CopyChunk(t.Context(), chunk))
-	require.Equal(t, status.Progress{CurrentState: status.CopyRows, Summary: "1000/1200 83.33% copyRows ETA TBD", Tables: []status.TableProgress{{TableName: "e2et1", RowsCopied: 1000, RowsTotal: 1200, IsComplete: false}}}, m.Progress())
+	require.Equal(t, status.Progress{CurrentState: status.CopyRows, Summary: "1000/1200 83.33% copyRows ETA TBD", ETA: status.ETA{State: status.ETAMeasuring}, Tables: []status.TableProgress{{TableName: "e2et1", RowsCopied: 1000, RowsTotal: 1200, IsComplete: false}}}, m.Progress())
 
 	// Now insert some data.
 	testutils.RunSQL(t, `insert into e2et1 (id1, id2) values (1002, 2)`)
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ func TestE2EBinlogSubscribingCompositeKey(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, "((`id1` > 1001)\n OR (`id1` = 1001 AND `id2` >= 1))", chunk.String())
 	require.NoError(t, ccopier.CopyChunk(t.Context(), chunk))
-	require.Equal(t, status.Progress{CurrentState: status.CopyRows, Summary: "1201/1200 100.08% copyRows ETA DUE", Tables: []status.TableProgress{{TableName: "e2et1", RowsCopied: 1201, RowsTotal: 1200, IsComplete: true}}}, m.Progress())
+	require.Equal(t, status.Progress{CurrentState: status.CopyRows, Summary: "1201/1200 100.08% copyRows ETA DUE", ETA: status.ETA{State: status.ETADue}, Tables: []status.TableProgress{{TableName: "e2et1", RowsCopied: 1201, RowsTotal: 1200, IsComplete: true}}}, m.Progress())
 
 	// Now insert some data.
 	// This should be picked up by the binlog subscription
diff --git a/pkg/migration/runner.go b/pkg/migration/runner.go
index a1e9b4b0..0a91180c 100644
--- a/pkg/migration/runner.go
+++ b/pkg/migration/runner.go
@@ -1038,6 +1038,7 @@ func (r *Runner) createCheckpointTable(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 func (r *Runner) Progress() status.Progress {
 	var summary string
+	var eta status.ETA
 	switch r.status.Get() { //nolint: exhaustive
 	case status.CopyRows:
 		summary = fmt.Sprintf("%v %s ETA %v",
@@ -1045,6 +1046,7 @@ func (r *Runner) Progress() status.Progress {
 			r.status.Get().String(),
 			r.copier.GetETA(),
 		)
+		eta = r.copier.GetETAState()
 	case status.WaitingOnSentinelTable:
 		summary = "Waiting on Sentinel Table"
 	case status.ApplyChangeset, status.PostChecksum:
@@ -1088,6 +1090,7 @@ func (r *Runner) Progress() status.Progress {
 	return status.Progress{
 		CurrentState: r.status.Get(),
 		Summary:      summary,
+		ETA:          eta,
 		Tables:       tables,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/status/progress.go b/pkg/status/progress.go
index bc63cae3..2c6d8a68 100644
--- a/pkg/status/progress.go
+++ b/pkg/status/progress.go
@@ -1,12 +1,46 @@
 package status
 
+import "time"
+
 // Progress is returned as a struct because we may add more to it later.
 // It is designed for wrappers (like a GUI) to be able to summarize the
 // current status without parsing log output.
+// ETAState describes the availability of the row-copy ETA estimate, so callers
+// can distinguish "still measuring" from a real estimate without parsing the
+// Summary string. It mirrors the cases GetETA renders as text.
+type ETAState string
+
+const (
+	// ETANone means there is no copy ETA because the migration is not in the
+	// row-copy phase. Duration is 0.
+	ETANone ETAState = ""
+	// ETAMeasuring means a copy is in progress but no copy rate has been measured
+	// yet, so no estimate is available (Summary shows "ETA TBD"). Duration is 0.
+	ETAMeasuring ETAState = "measuring"
+	// ETAReady means Duration holds a current remaining-time estimate.
+	ETAReady ETAState = "ready"
+	// ETADue means the copy is essentially complete (Summary shows "ETA DUE").
+	// Duration is 0.
+	ETADue ETAState = "due"
+)
+
+// ETA is the structured form of the ETA embedded in Summary. State reports
+// whether Duration is available yet — e.g. ETAMeasuring during the initial
+// window before a copy rate is known — so callers can show "calculating" rather
+// than a misleading 0. Duration is the estimated remaining row-copy time, valid
+// only when State is ETAReady and 0 otherwise.
+type ETA struct {
+	State    ETAState
+	Duration time.Duration
+}
+
 type Progress struct {
 	CurrentState State  // current state, i.e. CopyRows
 	Summary      string // text based representation, i.e. "12.5% copyRows ETA 1h 30m"
 
+	// ETA is the structured remaining row-copy estimate and its availability.
+	ETA ETA
+
 	// Tables contains per-table progress for multi-table migrations.
 	// For single-table migrations, this will have one entry.
 	Tables []TableProgress