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  <header class="site-header">
    <div class="by-line">By <a href="https://girisandeep.com">Sandeep Giri</a></div>
    <h1>Learn By Inventing</h1>
    <p class="tagline">Machine Learning &amp; Computer Science &mdash; derived, not memorized.</p>

    <p class="philosophy">
      Instead of starting with a formula or an explanation, every chapter here gives you
a sequence of small problems. As you work through them, you begin to see the pattern
yourself. By the end, you have not been taught an algorithm &mdash; you have invented one.
That is the difference between knowledge you can recite and understanding you can use.
    </p>
    <a class="philosophy-link" href="https://girisandeep.com/learning-by-inventing/">Read more about the philosophy &rarr;</a>
  </header>

  <div class="preface">
    <strong>How to use this</strong>
    Do not read this book. <em>Work with it.</em> Keep a coding environment open alongside each chapter.
Each exercise is one small step &mdash; complete it before moving to the next.
Resist the urge to look ahead. The struggle is the lesson.
  </div>


  <!-- Track 0 -->
  <div class="track">
    <div class="track-header">
      <span class="track-number">0</span>
      <span class="track-title">Getting Started</span>
    </div>
    <p class="track-desc">Set up your coding environment and write your first Python program.</p>
    <ol>

      <li>
        <a href="getting_started/index.html">Getting Started</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/getting_started/getting_started.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="line_fitting/index.html">Line Fitting &amp; Curve Fitting</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>

        <a class="slides-link" href="line_fitting/slides.html">&#9654; Slides</a>


      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="square_root/index.html">Finding Square Roots</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>

        <a class="slides-link" href="square_root/slides.html">&#9654; Slides</a>


      </li>

    </ol>
  </div>


  <!-- Track I -->
  <div class="track">
    <div class="track-header">
      <span class="track-number">I</span>
      <span class="track-title">Math Foundations</span>
    </div>
    <p class="track-desc">Build number intuition before writing a single line of code.</p>
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      <li>
        <a href="learning_to_count/learning_to_count.html">Learning to Count</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>


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      <li>
        <a href="logarithm/index.html">Logarithms</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>

        <a class="slides-link" href="logarithm/slides.html">&#9654; Slides</a>


      </li>

    </ol>
  </div>


  <!-- Track II -->
  <div class="track">
    <div class="track-header">
      <span class="track-number">II</span>
      <span class="track-title">Programming Fundamentals</span>
    </div>
    <p class="track-desc">Invent the core constructs of Python from first principles.</p>
    <ol>

      <li>
        <a href="expressions_and_functions/index.html">Expressions &amp; Functions</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/expressions_and_functions/expressions_and_functions.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="if_else/index.html">If-Else</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/if_else/if_else.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="loops_and_array/index.html">Loops and Arrays</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


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      <li>
        <a href="recursion/index.html">Recursion</a>
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        <a href="dictionaries/index.html">Dictionaries</a>
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        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/dictionaries/dictionaries.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="classes_and_objects/index.html">Classes &amp; Objects</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/classes_and_objects/classes_and_objects.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

    </ol>
  </div>


  <!-- Track III -->
  <div class="track">
    <div class="track-header">
      <span class="track-number">III</span>
      <span class="track-title">Algorithms</span>
    </div>
    <p class="track-desc">Discover the classic algorithms that every engineer should understand deeply.</p>
    <ol>

      <li>
        <a href="complexity/index.html">Big O &amp; Complexity</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/complexity/complexity.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="sorting/index.html">Sorting</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/sorting/sorting.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="binary_search/index.html">Binary Search &amp; Approximations</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/binary_search/binary_search.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="trees_and_heaps/index.html">Trees &amp; Heaps</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


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        <a href="pattern_matching/index.html">Pattern Matching</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/pattern_matching/pattern_matching.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="backtracking/index.html">Backtracking</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/backtracking/backtracking.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

    </ol>
  </div>


  <!-- Track IV -->
  <div class="track">
    <div class="track-header">
      <span class="track-number">IV</span>
      <span class="track-title">Machine Learning</span>
    </div>
    <p class="track-desc">Reinvent ML algorithms from scratch &mdash; no black boxes, no magic.</p>
    <ol>

      <li>
        <a href="encoder_decoder/index.html">The Encoder-Decoder Pipeline</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/encoder_decoder/encoder_decoder.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="secrets_of_prediction/index.html">The Ancient Secrets of Prediction</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/secrets_of_prediction/secrets_of_prediction.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="regression_losses/index.html">Regression Losses</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/regression_losses/regression_losses.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="differentiation/slides.html">Differentiation</a>
        <span class="badge">slides</span>

        <a class="slides-link" href="differentiation/slides.html">&#9654; Slides</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="gradient_descent/index.html">Linear Regression &amp; Gradient Descent</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>

        <a class="slides-link" href="gradient_descent/slides.html">&#9654; Slides</a>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/gradient_descent/linear_regression_gradient_descent.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="decision_tree/index.html">Decision Trees</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>

        <a class="slides-link" href="decision_tree/slides.html">&#9654; Slides</a>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/decision_tree/decision_tree.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="naive_bayes/index.html">Naive Bayes</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>


      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="random_forest/index.html">Random Forests</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/random_forest/random_forest.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="classification_metrics/index.html">Classification Metrics</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>

        <a class="slides-link" href="classification_metrics/slides.html">&#9654; Slides</a>


      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="kmeans/index.html">K-Means Clustering</a>
        <span class="badge">interactive</span>


      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="recommender/index.html">Recommender Systems</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


        <a class="colab-link" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/cloudxlab/learnbyinventing/blob/main/recommender/recommender.ipynb" target="_blank">&#9654; Colab</a>

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      <li>
        <a href="neural_networks/index.html">Neural Networks</a>
        <span class="badge">notebook</span>


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      <li>
        <a href="convolutions/index.html">Convolutions</a>
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        <a href="information_theory/index.html">Information Theory &amp; Compression</a>
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      </li>

    </ol>
  </div>


  <!-- Track V -->
  <div class="track">
    <div class="track-header">
      <span class="track-number">V</span>
      <span class="track-title">Agentic AI</span>
    </div>
    <p class="track-desc">Build systems that learn, act, and reason autonomously.</p>
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      <li>
        <a href="reinforcement_learning/index.html">Reinforcement Learning</a>
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      </li>

    </ol>
  </div>


  <!-- Track VI -->
  <div class="track">
    <div class="track-header">
      <span class="track-number">VI</span>
      <span class="track-title">Projects &amp; Practice</span>
    </div>
    <p class="track-desc">Apply everything &mdash; open-ended problems with no answer key.</p>
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      <li>
        <a href="projects/projects.html">Capstone Projects</a>
        <span class="badge">open-ended</span>


      </li>

      <li>
        <a href="practice_problems/practice_problems.html">Practice Problems</a>
        <span class="badge">drills</span>


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    </ol>
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