diff --git a/.clang-format b/.clang-format
index 9a9cbf817..ed9165255 100644
--- a/.clang-format
+++ b/.clang-format
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ BasedOnStyle:  Google
 
 # Customize with larger indents
 IndentWidth:     4
-ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 4
\ No newline at end of file
+ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 4
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index ee4ddf8d7..a6b7cfd57 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -88,4 +88,3 @@ jobs:
         cmake .
         cmake --build . -- test_hello-world
         cmake --build .
-
diff --git a/.github/workflows/hello-world.yml b/.github/workflows/hello-world.yml
index e417c495d..0f784cf75 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/hello-world.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/hello-world.yml
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ jobs:
     - name: Check Hello World Fails
       run: bin/check-hello-world.sh
       env:
-        CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler }}
\ No newline at end of file
+        CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler }}
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 7180a1490..2ee249660 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
-exclude: 'test/(catch(_amalgamated)?.[ch]pp|tests-main.cpp)'
+exclude: |
+    (?x)^(
+        (.*/)?test/(catch(_amalgamated)?.[ch]pp|tests-main.cpp)|
+        .github/CODEOWNERS
+    )$
 
 repos:
+-   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v5.0.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: trailing-whitespace
+    -   id: end-of-file-fixer
+    -   id: check-yaml
+    -   id: check-added-large-files
 -   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
     rev: v18.1.2
     hooks:
     -   id: clang-format
         exclude_types: [json]
-
diff --git a/.vscode/settings.json b/.vscode/settings.json
index 216f5a77c..8b678e3fb 100644
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -72,4 +72,4 @@
     "cSpell.words": [
         "stationprogress"
     ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/bin/check-hello-world.sh b/bin/check-hello-world.sh
index a7e6f75cc..ac5edf7e7 100755
--- a/bin/check-hello-world.sh
+++ b/bin/check-hello-world.sh
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ if cmake --build .; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
-cd "$repo"
\ No newline at end of file
+cd "$repo"
diff --git a/concepts/auto/links.json b/concepts/auto/links.json
index 9c85e3634..87f0bf23d 100644
--- a/concepts/auto/links.json
+++ b/concepts/auto/links.json
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
         "url": "https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/type-deduction-for-objects-using-the-auto-keyword/",
         "description": "Learn C++ overview on the auto keyword and its usage"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/basics/about.md b/concepts/basics/about.md
index 1a3ddc396..764b6b3e8 100644
--- a/concepts/basics/about.md
+++ b/concepts/basics/about.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ To set off the C++ journey we are starting with variables, function calls, and c
 
 Comments come in two flavors: single- and multi-line.
 Everything that comes after `//` on the same line is ignored by the compiler.
-Multi-line comments are also known as C-style comments. 
+Multi-line comments are also known as C-style comments.
 They are surrounded by `/*` and `*/`.
 Anything that comes between these will be ignored as well.
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ It cannot be stressed enough: avoid undefined behavior at all cost.
 
 ## Arithmetic Operations
 
-Arithmetic operators like `*`, `+`, or `-` can be part of an expression like `3 * 2` or `tomatoes + potatoes`. 
+Arithmetic operators like `*`, `+`, or `-` can be part of an expression like `3 * 2` or `tomatoes + potatoes`.
 
 ## Updating Variables
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ int total_fee(int vips, int adults, int kids) {
     */
     int standard_fee{30};
     int kids_discount{15};
-    
+
     int kids_total_fee = kids  * (standard_fee - kids_discount);
     int vips_total_fee = vips * vip_fee(standard_fee);
     int adult_total_fee = adults * standard_fee;
diff --git a/concepts/basics/introduction.md b/concepts/basics/introduction.md
index 7e6a49ef6..c2512452f 100644
--- a/concepts/basics/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/basics/introduction.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ To set off the C++ journey we are starting with variables, function calls, and c
 
 Comments come in two flavors: single- and multi-line.
 Everything that comes after `//` on the same line is ignored by the compiler.
-Multi-line comments are also known as C-style comments. 
+Multi-line comments are also known as C-style comments.
 They are surrounded by `/*` and `*/`.
 Anything that comes between these will be ignored as well.
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ It cannot be stressed enough: avoid undefined behavior at all cost.
 
 ## Arithmetic Operations
 
-Arithmetic operators like `*`, `+`, or `-` can be part of an expression like `3 * 2` or `tomatoes + potatoes`. 
+Arithmetic operators like `*`, `+`, or `-` can be part of an expression like `3 * 2` or `tomatoes + potatoes`.
 
 ## Updating Variables
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ int total_fee(int vips, int adults, int kids) {
     */
     int standard_fee{30};
     int kids_discount{15};
-    
+
     int kids_total_fee = kids  * (standard_fee - kids_discount);
     int vips_total_fee = vips * vip_fee(standard_fee);
     int adult_total_fee = adults * standard_fee;
diff --git a/concepts/basics/links.json b/concepts/basics/links.json
index ab2f7aa15..690b9bc3d 100644
--- a/concepts/basics/links.json
+++ b/concepts/basics/links.json
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@
         "url": "https://isocpp.org/faq",
         "description": "C++ Super-FAQ"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/booleans/introduction.md b/concepts/booleans/introduction.md
index 267063973..ad0ee9e12 100644
--- a/concepts/booleans/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/booleans/introduction.md
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ If you use a number in a Boolean operation, everything except `0` is treated as
 !true && 0.0   // => false
 true + true + false // => 2
 ```
-~~~~
\ No newline at end of file
+~~~~
diff --git a/concepts/booleans/links.json b/concepts/booleans/links.json
index 0df565316..3368e317b 100644
--- a/concepts/booleans/links.json
+++ b/concepts/booleans/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_logical",
         "description": "C++ reference on Logical operators"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/classes/about.md b/concepts/classes/about.md
index d8c64f19f..bb94b0334 100644
--- a/concepts/classes/about.md
+++ b/concepts/classes/about.md
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ silverhand.cast_spell();
 silverhand.name = "Laeral";
 
 // damage is private:
-silverhand.damage = 500; 
+silverhand.damage = 500;
  // => Compilation error
 ```
 
diff --git a/concepts/classes/introduction.md b/concepts/classes/introduction.md
index b851e444e..e9a957bc5 100644
--- a/concepts/classes/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/classes/introduction.md
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ silverhand.cast_spell();
 silverhand.name = "Laeral";
 
 // damage is private:
-silverhand.damage = 500; 
+silverhand.damage = 500;
  // => Compilation error
 ```
 
@@ -102,4 +102,4 @@ Conventionally, the `struct` keyword is often used for **data-only structures**.
 The `class` keyword is preferred for objects that need to ensure certain properties.
 Such an invariant could be that the `damage` of your `Wizzard` `class` cannot turn negative.
 The `damage` variable is private and any function that changes the damage would ensure the invariant is preserved.
-~~~~
\ No newline at end of file
+~~~~
diff --git a/concepts/classes/links.json b/concepts/classes/links.json
index 5afd99559..cd994028c 100644
--- a/concepts/classes/links.json
+++ b/concepts/classes/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/classes",
         "description": "C++ reference on for classes"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/comparisons/about.md b/concepts/comparisons/about.md
index 95803ef9b..ec34ac14f 100644
--- a/concepts/comparisons/about.md
+++ b/concepts/comparisons/about.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Here are some common examples:
 ```cpp
 bool eq3 = 2 == 3; // false, integer comparison
 
-bool eq4 = 2.1 != 2.2; // true, float comparison 
+bool eq4 = 2.1 != 2.2; // true, float comparison
 
 bool eq5 = "hello" == "hello"; // true, string comparison
 ```
diff --git a/concepts/comparisons/introduction.md b/concepts/comparisons/introduction.md
index 103cf6b4e..f16a5b0d0 100644
--- a/concepts/comparisons/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/comparisons/introduction.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Here are some common examples:
 ```cpp
 bool eq3 = 2 == 3; // false, integer comparison
 
-bool eq4 = 2.1 != 2.2; // true, float comparison 
+bool eq4 = 2.1 != 2.2; // true, float comparison
 
 bool eq5 = "hello" == "hello"; // true, string comparison
 ```
diff --git a/concepts/comparisons/links.json b/concepts/comparisons/links.json
index 8be8cc9ab..be11e8132 100644
--- a/concepts/comparisons/links.json
+++ b/concepts/comparisons/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_comparison",
         "description": "C++ reference on comparison operators"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/enums/about.md b/concepts/enums/about.md
index 809f97914..e0f1c4627 100644
--- a/concepts/enums/about.md
+++ b/concepts/enums/about.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ enum class WheelMaterial {
     plastic
 };
 ```
-Although the wheels and the deck can both be made of _plastic_, the two cannot be confused. 
+Although the wheels and the deck can both be made of _plastic_, the two cannot be confused.
 They are different _types_:  `DeckMaterial` plastic and `WheelMaterial` plastic.
 Each `enumeration` will have its `enumerators` in its own scope - its own `namespace`.
 This is the reason they are called `scoped enumerations`.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ You might be thinking that with a name like `scoped`, there would also be  _`uns
 `Unscoped enumerations` are becoming less popular because they all share the same global namespace.
 Because of the sharing, you could not have two `unscoped enumerations` with the same `enumerators` like _plastic_ in the example above.
 
-Also, `unscoped enumerations` implicitly convert to integers. 
+Also, `unscoped enumerations` implicitly convert to integers.
 Look at the example below for a surprising result:
 
 ```cpp
@@ -84,4 +84,4 @@ If you want to convert `scoped enumerations` to integers you can use `static_cas
 
 
 
-[magic numbers]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)
\ No newline at end of file
+[magic numbers]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)
diff --git a/concepts/enums/introduction.md b/concepts/enums/introduction.md
index a9b0f41be..ad4e4e4c9 100644
--- a/concepts/enums/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/enums/introduction.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ enum class WheelMaterial {
     plastic
 };
 ```
-Although the wheels and the deck can both be made of _plastic_, the two cannot be confused. 
+Although the wheels and the deck can both be made of _plastic_, the two cannot be confused.
 They are different _types_:  `DeckMaterial` plastic and `WheelMaterial` plastic.
 Each `enumeration` will have its `enumerators` in its own scope - its own `namespace`.
 This is the reason they are called `scoped enumerations`.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ You might be thinking that with the name `scoped`, there would also be be `unsco
 `Unscoped enumerations` are becoming less popular because they all share the same global namespace.
 Because of the sharing, you could not have two `unscoped enumerations` with the same `enumerators` like _plastic_ in the example above.
 
-Also, `unscoped enumerations` implicitly convert to integers. 
+Also, `unscoped enumerations` implicitly convert to integers.
 Look at the example below for a surprising result:
 
 ```cpp
@@ -84,4 +84,4 @@ If you want to convert `scoped enumerations` to integers you can use `static_cas
 
 
 
-[magic numbers]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)
\ No newline at end of file
+[magic numbers]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)
diff --git a/concepts/enums/links.json b/concepts/enums/links.json
index ca711b76f..30bc05dcd 100644
--- a/concepts/enums/links.json
+++ b/concepts/enums/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/enum",
         "description": "C++ reference on enumerations"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/functions/links.json b/concepts/functions/links.json
index c08cc662b..6d5b65a78 100644
--- a/concepts/functions/links.json
+++ b/concepts/functions/links.json
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/default_arguments",
         "description": "C++ reference on default arguments"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/headers/about.md b/concepts/headers/about.md
index b6a57a709..8d59dcba3 100644
--- a/concepts/headers/about.md
+++ b/concepts/headers/about.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The header file will tell you _what_ a codebase has to offer without going into
 The most common file extension for header files is `.h`.
 Some projects use `.hpp` or skip the extension completely.
 
-The definitions are located in a separate `.cpp` file. 
+The definitions are located in a separate `.cpp` file.
 To reunite the parts, the source file starts by _including_ the respective header file.
 
 If you want to write a library called "quick_math" that offers a function "super_root" that you want to use often, the files would look like this:
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ int robots::Flower::get_size() {return size;}
 When the header is used as an API overview, that is where a person would look for information like default values.
 The `size` parameter's default of the constructor is therefore handled in the header and not in the implementation.
 The definitions in the source file are prefixed with the namespace `robots` and the class type `Flower`.
- 
+
 Another layout option is a _header only_ library, that does not have a `.cpp` file at all:
 
 ```cpp
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ int myOtherFunction(int m) {
 
 It does not matter if the same file is included multiple times within a project.
 Header files should not contain definitions.
-The complete project cannot have the same definition more than once. 
+The complete project cannot have the same definition more than once.
 This is called the "One definition rule".
 It will be enforced by the compiler.
 
@@ -184,4 +184,4 @@ The syntax can be seen below with `MY_HEADER_FILE_H` as a variable.
 
 The problem with `#pragma once` is, that pragmas are not an official part of the C++ language and the implementation differs from compiler to compiler.
 Many big projects have switched to the simpler pragma method, but a few are still cautious.
-~~~~
\ No newline at end of file
+~~~~
diff --git a/concepts/headers/introduction.md b/concepts/headers/introduction.md
index c8d9c68ff..e7db48e12 100644
--- a/concepts/headers/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/headers/introduction.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The header file will tell you _what_ a codebase has to offer without going into
 The most common file extension for header files is `.h`.
 Some projects use `.hpp` or skip the extension completely.
 
-The definitions are located in a separate `.cpp` file. 
+The definitions are located in a separate `.cpp` file.
 To reunite the parts, the source file starts by _including_ the respective header file.
 
 If you want to write a library called "quick_math" that offers a function "super_root" that you want to use often, the files would look like this:
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ int robots::Flower::get_size() {return size;}
 When the header is used as an API overview, that is where a person would look for information like default values.
 The `size` parameter's default of the constructor is therefore handled in the header and not in the implementation.
 The definitions in the source file are prefixed with the namespace `robots` and the class type `Flower`.
- 
+
 Another layout option is a _header only_ library, that does not have a `.cpp` file at all:
 
 ```cpp
diff --git a/concepts/headers/links.json b/concepts/headers/links.json
index 5dcf350be..fa81042f8 100644
--- a/concepts/headers/links.json
+++ b/concepts/headers/links.json
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
         "url": "https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/classes-and-header-files/",
         "description": "More information about classes in header files"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/if-statements/about.md b/concepts/if-statements/about.md
index 0473b4a8d..f2921bd27 100644
--- a/concepts/if-statements/about.md
+++ b/concepts/if-statements/about.md
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ if (int v{2 * num}; v > 10) {
 // => 14
 ```
 
-> Note: any variables created in the initialization cannot be accesed after the end of the if statement.
\ No newline at end of file
+> Note: any variables created in the initialization cannot be accesed after the end of the if statement.
diff --git a/concepts/if-statements/introduction.md b/concepts/if-statements/introduction.md
index 48f930d49..ae4bb9344 100644
--- a/concepts/if-statements/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/if-statements/introduction.md
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ if (int v{2 * num}; v > 10) {
 // => 14
 ```
 
-> Note: any variables created in the initialization cannot be accesed after the end of the if statement.
\ No newline at end of file
+> Note: any variables created in the initialization cannot be accesed after the end of the if statement.
diff --git a/concepts/if-statements/links.json b/concepts/if-statements/links.json
index 0a9484653..7f0c14f80 100644
--- a/concepts/if-statements/links.json
+++ b/concepts/if-statements/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/if",
         "description": "C++ reference on if statements"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/includes/about.md b/concepts/includes/about.md
index 93fc9ed00..d9399b1e5 100644
--- a/concepts/includes/about.md
+++ b/concepts/includes/about.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ During compilation, the line with the directive is replaced by the content of th
 Namespaces are kept as they are in the original file after includes.
 
 ## The Standard Library
- 
+
 The standard library offers many common functions, algorithms, and data structures.
 The standard library uses the `std` namespace.
 
diff --git a/concepts/includes/introduction.md b/concepts/includes/introduction.md
index 87cc4f3ca..581ef7cd1 100644
--- a/concepts/includes/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/includes/introduction.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ During compilation, the line with the directive is replaced by the content of th
 Namespaces are kept as they are in the original file after includes.
 
 ## The Standard Library
- 
+
 The standard library offers many common functions, algorithms, and data structures.
 The standard library uses the `std` namespace.
 
diff --git a/concepts/includes/links.json b/concepts/includes/links.json
index 2887e9531..41b93f13f 100644
--- a/concepts/includes/links.json
+++ b/concepts/includes/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include",
         "description": "C++ reference on Source File Inclusion"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/literals/links.json b/concepts/literals/links.json
index 1b9edf60d..9f98210d0 100644
--- a/concepts/literals/links.json
+++ b/concepts/literals/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/literals/",
         "description": "Learn C++ overview on literals"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/loops/about.md b/concepts/loops/about.md
index 10c335d34..b1fcd0f73 100644
--- a/concepts/loops/about.md
+++ b/concepts/loops/about.md
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ for (int i{1}; i < 10; ++i) {
 }
 ```
 
-This loop will sum the numbers from `1` to `9` (including `9`). 
+This loop will sum the numbers from `1` to `9` (including `9`).
 
 ## Break and Continue
 
diff --git a/concepts/loops/introduction.md b/concepts/loops/introduction.md
index d6793636f..521154ee2 100644
--- a/concepts/loops/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/loops/introduction.md
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ for (int i{1}; i < 10; ++i) {
 }
 ```
 
-This loop will sum the numbers from `1` to `9` (including `9`). 
+This loop will sum the numbers from `1` to `9` (including `9`).
 
 ## Break and Continue
 
diff --git a/concepts/loops/links.json b/concepts/loops/links.json
index c814151ca..458f3a2d1 100644
--- a/concepts/loops/links.json
+++ b/concepts/loops/links.json
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/while",
         "description": "C++ reference on while loops"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/namespaces/about.md b/concepts/namespaces/about.md
index a2220d0cf..8c281986e 100644
--- a/concepts/namespaces/about.md
+++ b/concepts/namespaces/about.md
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ namespace o = my_other_ns;
 
 int also_my_result{m::foo() + o::foo() * m::my_inner_ns::baz()};
 ```
-~~~~
\ No newline at end of file
+~~~~
diff --git a/concepts/namespaces/links.json b/concepts/namespaces/links.json
index 06397a0ec..9cb677f95 100644
--- a/concepts/namespaces/links.json
+++ b/concepts/namespaces/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/namespace",
         "description": "C++ reference on namespaces"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/numbers/.meta/config.json b/concepts/numbers/.meta/config.json
index 6c515a485..afae10271 100644
--- a/concepts/numbers/.meta/config.json
+++ b/concepts/numbers/.meta/config.json
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@
   "contributors": [
     "tesarect"
   ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/concepts/numbers/about.md b/concepts/numbers/about.md
index c0b79e0d6..223f35eb9 100644
--- a/concepts/numbers/about.md
+++ b/concepts/numbers/about.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Integers are whole numbers like `0`, `691`, or `-2`.
 Floating point numbers are numbers with a decimal point like `6.02214076`, `0.1`, or `-1.616`.
 
 ## Integers
-The following example shows the declaration and initialization of four different variables 
+The following example shows the declaration and initialization of four different variables
 
 ```cpp
 int m_morales{9241};              // base 10: 0-9
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ You can use an apostrophe to separate digits for easier readability.
 
 ## Floating-Point Numbers
 
-The floating-point literals come in two flavors. 
+The floating-point literals come in two flavors.
 In addition to the intuitive `0.0024` it is possible to use its scientific notation `2.4e-3`.
 The most common floating-point type is `double`.
 
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ These operators modify the current value of a variable by performing an operatio
 // we start with 0 people
 int people{};
 // we need 0 eggs
-int eggs{}; 
+int eggs{};
 // two people joined:
-people += 2; 
+people += 2;
 // people is now 2
 // let's add 3 eggs per person
 eggs += 3 * people;
diff --git a/concepts/numbers/introduction.md b/concepts/numbers/introduction.md
index be17bde75..30c7fe2e5 100644
--- a/concepts/numbers/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/numbers/introduction.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Integers are whole numbers like `0`, `691`, or `-2`.
 Floating point numbers are numbers with a decimal point like `6.02214076`, `0.1`, or `-1.616`.
 
 ## Integers
-The following example shows the declaration and initialization of four different variables 
+The following example shows the declaration and initialization of four different variables
 
 ```cpp
 int m_morales{9241};              // base 10: 0-9
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ You can use an apostrophe to separate digits for easier readability.
 
 ## Floating-Point Numbers
 
-The floating-point literals come in two flavors. 
+The floating-point literals come in two flavors.
 In addition to the intuitive `0.0024` it is possible to use its scientific notation `2.4e-3`.
 The most common floating-point type is `double`.
 
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ These operators modify the current value of a variable by performing an operatio
 // we start with 0 people
 int people{};
 // we need 0 eggs
-int eggs{}; 
+int eggs{};
 // two people joined:
-people += 2; 
+people += 2;
 // people is now 2
 // let's add 3 eggs per person
 eggs += 3 * people;
diff --git a/concepts/numbers/links.json b/concepts/numbers/links.json
index f11210b04..894269e31 100644
--- a/concepts/numbers/links.json
+++ b/concepts/numbers/links.json
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@
       "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format",
       "description": "Explanation on the floating point format"
     }
-  ]
\ No newline at end of file
+  ]
diff --git a/concepts/pointers/about.md b/concepts/pointers/about.md
index d52302895..b15f9e52e 100644
--- a/concepts/pointers/about.md
+++ b/concepts/pointers/about.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Dereferencing a pointer is done using the _indirection operator_ (`*`) operator.
 ```cpp
 std::string opponent{"Solomon Lane"};
 // 'ethan' points to the address of the string opponent
-std::string* ethan{&opponent}; 
+std::string* ethan{&opponent};
 // Instead of ethan's, the opponent's name address is given to the passPort
 std::string passportName{*ethan};
 ```
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ int gateCode[] = {462, 753, 218, 611, 977};
 // 'ptr' points to the first element of 'gateCode'
 int* ptr{&gateCode[0]};
 // Accesses the third Stargate address through pointer arithmetic
-int dialedAddress{*(ptr + 2)}; 
+int dialedAddress{*(ptr + 2)};
 // Chevron encoded! Dialing Stargate address:
 openStarGate(dialedAddress);
 ```
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ dianaPrince->superpower = "Lasso of Truth";
 std::cout << "Wonder Woman, possesses the mighty " << dianaPrince->superpower;
 
 // Memory cleanup:
-delete dianaPrince; 
+delete dianaPrince;
 ```
 
 ## Pointers vs. references
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ darkMarkBearer = new std::string{"Bellatrix Lestrange"};
 // She has been defeated
 delete darkMarkBearer;
 // Reset pointer to null, symbolizing there is no more darkMarkBearer at the moment
-darkMarkBearer = nullptr; 
+darkMarkBearer = nullptr;
 ```
 
 A pointer should either hold the address of a valid object, or be set to `nullptr`.
diff --git a/concepts/pointers/introduction.md b/concepts/pointers/introduction.md
index 3f64ba0f0..bca4fdbff 100644
--- a/concepts/pointers/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/pointers/introduction.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Dereferencing a pointer is done using the _indirection operator_ (`*`) operator.
 ```cpp
 std::string opponent{"Solomon Lane"};
 // 'ethan' points to the address of the string opponent
-std::string* ethan{&opponent}; 
+std::string* ethan{&opponent};
 // Instead of ethan's, the opponent's name address is given to the passPort
 std::string passportName{*ethan};
 ```
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ int gateCode[] = {462, 753, 218, 611, 977};
 // 'ptr' points to the first element of 'gateCode'
 int* ptr{&gateCode[0]};
 // Accesses the third Stargate address through pointer arithmetic
-int dialedAddress{*(ptr + 2)}; 
+int dialedAddress{*(ptr + 2)};
 // Chevron encoded! Dialing Stargate address:
 openStarGate(dialedAddress);
 ```
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ dianaPrince->superpower = "Lasso of Truth";
 // Using the -> operator to access member variable superpower:
 std::cout << "Wonder Woman, possesses the mighty " << dianaPrince->superpower;
 // Memory cleanup:
-delete dianaPrince; 
+delete dianaPrince;
 ```
 
 ## Pointers vs. references
diff --git a/concepts/references/about.md b/concepts/references/about.md
index 969025e09..86bafd3d8 100644
--- a/concepts/references/about.md
+++ b/concepts/references/about.md
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ int& future_budget;
 
 ## `void`
 
-With the power of `references` you might not need to return a value from a function at all. 
-`void` is used as a return type in this scenario. 
+With the power of `references` you might not need to return a value from a function at all.
+`void` is used as a return type in this scenario.
 
 ```cpp
 void increase_power(int& level) {
@@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ increase_power(goku);
 // It's over 9000!
 ```
 
-[Reseating]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/728233/why-are-references-not-reseatable-in-c
\ No newline at end of file
+[Reseating]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/728233/why-are-references-not-reseatable-in-c
diff --git a/concepts/references/introduction.md b/concepts/references/introduction.md
index 9ab3909a9..b769dc5f4 100644
--- a/concepts/references/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/references/introduction.md
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ int& future_budget;
 
 ## `void`
 
-With the power of `references` you might not need to return a value from a function at all. 
-`void` is used as a return type in this scenario. 
+With the power of `references` you might not need to return a value from a function at all.
+`void` is used as a return type in this scenario.
 
 ```cpp
 void increase_power(int& level) {
@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ int goku{8700};
 increase_power(goku);
 // goku's power level?
 // It's over 9000!
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/concepts/references/links.json b/concepts/references/links.json
index b5eca2e1f..2d90ebcd3 100644
--- a/concepts/references/links.json
+++ b/concepts/references/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/reference",
         "description": "C++ reference on references"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/smart-pointers/about.md b/concepts/smart-pointers/about.md
index ad66e0a3b..c74c0538a 100644
--- a/concepts/smart-pointers/about.md
+++ b/concepts/smart-pointers/about.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ They act as wrappers around raw pointers, adding additional functionality such a
 ## General Syntax
 
 Smart pointers are typically implemented as class templates in the C++ standard library.
-The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`. 
+The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`.
 
 ## Unique Pointers
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ auto your_flatmates_boyfriends_account = your_flatmates_account;
 
 ## `std::weak_ptr` and Cyclic Ownership
 
-`std::weak_ptr` was designed to address the issue of cyclic ownership, also known as circular references, that can occur when using `std::shared_ptr`. 
+`std::weak_ptr` was designed to address the issue of cyclic ownership, also known as circular references, that can occur when using `std::shared_ptr`.
 
 In a cyclic ownership scenario, two or more `std::shared_ptr` objects are referencing each other, creating a cycle where none of the objects can be deleted because they have strong references to each other, leading to memory leaks.
 
diff --git a/concepts/smart-pointers/introduction.md b/concepts/smart-pointers/introduction.md
index 61c60f694..dd84b7882 100644
--- a/concepts/smart-pointers/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/smart-pointers/introduction.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ They act as wrappers around raw pointers, adding additional functionality such a
 ## General Syntax
 
 Smart pointers are typically implemented as class templates in the C++ standard library.
-The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`. 
+The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`.
 
 ## Unique Pointers
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ auto your_flatmates_boyfriends_account = your_flatmates_account;
 ```
 
 Weak pointers are useful in scenarios where cyclic references need to be broken to prevent memory leaks.
-`std::weak_ptr` was designed to address the issue of cyclic ownership, also known as circular references, that can occur when using `std::shared_ptr`. 
+`std::weak_ptr` was designed to address the issue of cyclic ownership, also known as circular references, that can occur when using `std::shared_ptr`.
 In a cyclic ownership scenario, two or more `std::shared_ptr` objects are referencing each other, creating a cycle where none of the objects can be deleted because they have strong references to each other, leading to memory leaks.
 `std::weak_ptr` provides a solution to this problem by allowing weak references to shared objects without contributing to their reference count.
 This means that it can observe and access the shared object but doesn't prevent it from being deleted.
diff --git a/concepts/smart-pointers/links.json b/concepts/smart-pointers/links.json
index ebcb824f9..da71e152a 100644
--- a/concepts/smart-pointers/links.json
+++ b/concepts/smart-pointers/links.json
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/weak_ptr",
         "description": "C++ reference on std::weak_ptr"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/strings/about.md b/concepts/strings/about.md
index c0aabb04d..1d5d48422 100644
--- a/concepts/strings/about.md
+++ b/concepts/strings/about.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # About
 
-A `string` in C++ is a mutable object that represents text as a sequence of characters (letters, digits, punctuation, etc.). 
+A `string` in C++ is a mutable object that represents text as a sequence of characters (letters, digits, punctuation, etc.).
 Strings are manipulated by calling the string's methods.
 
 ## Strings Library
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Later in the syllabus, you will learn more about member functions and the connec
 ```cpp
 std::string qualification{"awesome"};
 // 1st argument: from the index to the end of the string:
-std::string who_is_awesome = qualification.substr(5); 
+std::string who_is_awesome = qualification.substr(5);
 // => "me"
 
 // 2nd optional argument for the length:
diff --git a/concepts/strings/introduction.md b/concepts/strings/introduction.md
index 8d4aa19ad..171e651a4 100644
--- a/concepts/strings/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/strings/introduction.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Introduction
 
-A `string` in C++ is a mutable object that represents text as a sequence of characters (letters, digits, punctuation, etc.). 
+A `string` in C++ is a mutable object that represents text as a sequence of characters (letters, digits, punctuation, etc.).
 Strings are manipulated by calling the string's methods.
 
 ## Strings Library
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Later in the syllabus, you will learn more about member functions and the connec
 ```cpp
 std::string qualification{"awesome"};
 // 1st argument: from the index to the end of the string:
-std::string who_is_awesome = qualification.substr(5); 
+std::string who_is_awesome = qualification.substr(5);
 // => "me"
 
 // 2nd optional argument for the length:
diff --git a/concepts/strings/links.json b/concepts/strings/links.json
index 4715085de..5ba25e76f 100644
--- a/concepts/strings/links.json
+++ b/concepts/strings/links.json
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string",
         "description": "C++ reference on strings"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/switch/about.md b/concepts/switch/about.md
index 3a955a5b0..500c10176 100644
--- a/concepts/switch/about.md
+++ b/concepts/switch/about.md
@@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ Many languages can do switches based on boolean expression or even regular expre
 You can think of the C++ version is an extended goto/switch construct.
 Only the switch statement can jump to a label.
 Afterwards all other labels are ignored and you have to use the `break` statement to break out of the code block.
-~~~~
\ No newline at end of file
+~~~~
diff --git a/concepts/switch/links.json b/concepts/switch/links.json
index d9d1a3335..477189236 100644
--- a/concepts/switch/links.json
+++ b/concepts/switch/links.json
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
     {
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/switch",
         "description": "C++ reference on switch statements"
-    }, 
+    },
     {
         "url": "https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines#Res-break",
         "description": "CppCoreGuidelines' hints on switch statements"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/concepts/vector-arrays/about.md b/concepts/vector-arrays/about.md
index f0c98dea8..09bab8b60 100644
--- a/concepts/vector-arrays/about.md
+++ b/concepts/vector-arrays/about.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ countdown.at(2);
 // => 1
 countdown[1] = 4;
 // countdown now contains 3, 4 and 1
-indie_rock.back() = "yeahs"; 
+indie_rock.back() = "yeahs";
 // indie_rock is now "yeah", "yeah", "yeahs"
 ```
 
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ indie_rock.back() = "yeahs";
 
 ### Vector modifiers
 
-As a `vector` is not fixed in size, it is possible to add or remove elements. 
+As a `vector` is not fixed in size, it is possible to add or remove elements.
 Two common functions for that purpose are `emplace_back` and `pop_back`.
 
 ```cpp
 std::vector<std::string> witches {"Holly", "Alyssa", "Shannen"};
-witches.pop_back(); 
+witches.pop_back();
 // Shannen is no longer with the witches
 witches.emplace_back("Rose");
 // Rose has joined the team
diff --git a/concepts/vector-arrays/introduction.md b/concepts/vector-arrays/introduction.md
index b81c469cc..7e96cbb39 100644
--- a/concepts/vector-arrays/introduction.md
+++ b/concepts/vector-arrays/introduction.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ countdown.at(2);
 // => 1
 countdown[1] = 4;
 // countdown now contains 3, 4 and 1
-indie_rock.back() = "yeahs"; 
+indie_rock.back() = "yeahs";
 // indie_rock is now "yeah", "yeah", "yeahs"
 ```
 
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ indie_rock.back() = "yeahs";
 
 ### Vector modifiers
 
-As a `vector` is not fixed in size, it is possible to add or remove elements. 
+As a `vector` is not fixed in size, it is possible to add or remove elements.
 Two common functions for that purpose are `emplace_back` and `pop_back`.
 
 ```cpp
 std::vector<std::string> witches {"Holly", "Alyssa", "Shannen"};
-witches.pop_back(); 
+witches.pop_back();
 // Shannen is no longer with the witches
 witches.emplace_back("Rose");
 // Rose has joined the team
diff --git a/concepts/vector-arrays/links.json b/concepts/vector-arrays/links.json
index 781f24945..2699bfe12 100644
--- a/concepts/vector-arrays/links.json
+++ b/concepts/vector-arrays/links.json
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
         "url": "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector",
         "description": "C++ reference on vectors"
     }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/docs/INSTALLATION.md b/docs/INSTALLATION.md
index 58b44668d..aea73633f 100644
--- a/docs/INSTALLATION.md
+++ b/docs/INSTALLATION.md
@@ -103,4 +103,4 @@ MacOS users can install GCC with [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) via
 
 
 [boost-website]: https://www.boost.org/
-[sourceforge-boost-binaries]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost-binaries/
\ No newline at end of file
+[sourceforge-boost-binaries]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost-binaries/
diff --git a/docs/TESTS.md b/docs/TESTS.md
index 829b516ef..5b659c291 100644
--- a/docs/TESTS.md
+++ b/docs/TESTS.md
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ $ make
 This example shows creating empty files for the implementation before
 running CMake.
 
-Simply type `make` in the build directory to compile the tests. This should 
-generate compile time errors. Once the errors are fixed, `make` will build and 
+Simply type `make` in the build directory to compile the tests. This should
+generate compile time errors. Once the errors are fixed, `make` will build and
 run the tests.
 
 ### Windows with Visual Studio
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ $ cmake -G Xcode ..
 ```
 
 This example generates the XCode files so that you can open the project in XCode.
-With the project opened in XCode you may need to add another target. 
+With the project opened in XCode you may need to add another target.
 For a new target go to File -> New -> Target from the menu, _OS X \ Application \ Command Line Tool_ -> Next _C++_ as the language and provide a target name. Run the code using the target.
 
 If your terminal throws an `Xcode x.x not supported` error, it is highly likely that Xcode is not installed on your machine or that your version is out of date.
diff --git a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/instructions.md b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/instructions.md
index 309546279..8fc8b5148 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/instructions.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/instructions.md
@@ -105,4 +105,4 @@ You see two functions, that are not members of the `Vessel` class, as they are n
 
 Implement the last missing functions from the recovered lines above.
 
-[van-neumann-probes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft
\ No newline at end of file
+[van-neumann-probes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft
diff --git a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md
index c8d9c68ff..e7db48e12 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The header file will tell you _what_ a codebase has to offer without going into
 The most common file extension for header files is `.h`.
 Some projects use `.hpp` or skip the extension completely.
 
-The definitions are located in a separate `.cpp` file. 
+The definitions are located in a separate `.cpp` file.
 To reunite the parts, the source file starts by _including_ the respective header file.
 
 If you want to write a library called "quick_math" that offers a function "super_root" that you want to use often, the files would look like this:
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ int robots::Flower::get_size() {return size;}
 When the header is used as an API overview, that is where a person would look for information like default values.
 The `size` parameter's default of the constructor is therefore handled in the header and not in the implementation.
 The definitions in the source file are prefixed with the namespace `robots` and the class type `Flower`.
- 
+
 Another layout option is a _header only_ library, that does not have a `.cpp` file at all:
 
 ```cpp
diff --git a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 70899ec3d..4bc156890 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:headers}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:headers}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/doctor_data.cpp b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/doctor_data.cpp
index 0771dfcfe..7e069e14c 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/doctor-data/doctor_data.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/doctor-data/doctor_data.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 // ERROR: FILE CORRUPTED. Please supply valid C++ Code.
 
 hp4,ölacöiömthö%Äsmaö%Äsubö(311040ö%Äspaö%Äaddö(311040ö%Ädacöiömthö%Äcountö.hpt,hp4ö%Äxctöhd2ö%Ädacöiöma1
-hp2,öjmpö.
\ No newline at end of file
+hp2,öjmpö.
diff --git a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/hints.md b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/hints.md
index 62dc5315e..b21eed65f 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/hints.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/hints.md
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 - You need to create a function with a `reference` to an `ElectionResult`, in other words, a `ElectionResult&`.
 - - Although you are receiving a `reference` to an `ElectionResult`, you can change its member variables with the dot `.` notation, as if it wasn't a `reference`!
 
-## 3. Vote counting and Presidency 
+## 3. Vote counting and Presidency
 
 - You can iterate a reference to a `vector` like a normal vector with a loop.
 - You can get the size of a vector with `myvector.size()`.
 
 
-[learncpp-references]: https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/lvalue-references/
\ No newline at end of file
+[learncpp-references]: https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/lvalue-references/
diff --git a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/instructions.md b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/instructions.md
index 14a71a670..9a4a29946 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/instructions.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/instructions.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct ElectionResult {
 };
 ```
 
-As all members in the `struct` are public, you don't need to write a `constructor` to initialize an `ElectionResult` object. 
+As all members in the `struct` are public, you don't need to write a `constructor` to initialize an `ElectionResult` object.
 You can use an `initializer list` instead:
 
 ```cpp
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ vote_count(burr);
 // => 1804
 ```
 
-## 3. Vote counting and Presidency 
+## 3. Vote counting and Presidency
 
 The school handed in their votes and it is now time to check the results for the winner.
 
 Create a function `determine_result` that receives a reference to a final count and returns a reference to the `ElectionResult` of the new president.
-It should also change the name of the winner by prefixing it with "President". 
+It should also change the name of the winner by prefixing it with "President".
 The final count is given in the form of a `reference` to `std::vector<ElectionResult>`, a vector with `ElectionResults` of all the participating candidates.
 
 ```cpp
@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ winner.name;
 
 To keep things simple, you can assume the following:
 - The `vector` has at least one element.
-- There will be no ties for first place.
\ No newline at end of file
+- There will be no ties for first place.
diff --git a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md
index 2bf28e118..c0c5d2e69 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ int& future_budget;
 
 ### `void`
 
-With the power of `references` you might not need to return a value from a function at all. 
-`void` is used as a return type in this scenario. 
+With the power of `references` you might not need to return a value from a function at all.
+`void` is used as a return type in this scenario.
 
 ```cpp
 void increase_power(int& level) {
diff --git a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index ee0e6b3df..d67949a9d 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/election-day/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:references}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:references}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/election-day/.meta/design.md b/exercises/concept/election-day/.meta/design.md
index 15393c32f..a7cc939ba 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/election-day/.meta/design.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/election-day/.meta/design.md
@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ The Concepts this exercise unlocks are:
 ## Prerequisites
 
 - `classes`
-- `strings`
\ No newline at end of file
+- `strings`
diff --git a/exercises/concept/election-day/election_day.cpp b/exercises/concept/election-day/election_day.cpp
index 01af92991..f568210bf 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/election-day/election_day.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/election-day/election_day.cpp
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ struct ElectionResult {
 // in the form of a `reference` to `std::vector<ElectionResult>`, a vector with
 // `ElectionResults` of all the participating candidates.
 
-}  // namespace election
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace election
diff --git a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/hints.md b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/hints.md
index 279798ef6..0551e83f1 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/hints.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/hints.md
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@
 
 ## 5. The `collision_detection` Function
 
-- All `public` member variables can be accessed from outside the class.
\ No newline at end of file
+- All `public` member variables can be accessed from outside the class.
diff --git a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/instructions.md b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/instructions.md
index 17184177f..0382739ab 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/instructions.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/instructions.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Ellen wants to introduce shields at a later point, which would then report `fals
 
 ```cpp
 Alien alien {0, 0};
-alien.get_health(); 
+alien.get_health();
 // => 3 (Initial health value)
 
 alien.hit(); // Decrements health by 1 point.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ alien.y_coordinate;
 ## 5. The `collision_detection` Function
 
 If the aliens can be hit by something, then they need to be able to detect when such a collision might occur.
-Ellen needs to know if two aliens occupy the same coordinates. 
+Ellen needs to know if two aliens occupy the same coordinates.
 The `collision_detection()` function takes another alien object as an argument and returns a `bool`.
 
 ```cpp
@@ -91,4 +91,4 @@ lrrr.collision_detection(ndnd);
 ndnd.teleport(3, 6);
 ndnd.collision_detection(lrrr);
 // => true
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md
index f640213ad..75c25927d 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ silverhand.cast_spell();
 silverhand.name = "Laeral";
 
 // damage is private:
-silverhand.damage = 500; 
+silverhand.damage = 500;
  // => Compilation error
 ```
 
diff --git a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index ccc7c42df..5fd766bb8 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:classes}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:classes}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/design.md b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/design.md
index b6c340710..ea87e7cea 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/design.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/design.md
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ These are the concepts/concept exercises the student needs to complete/understan
 
 ## Resources
 
-- [Class (and struct) tutorial)](https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/classes-and-class-members/)
\ No newline at end of file
+- [Class (and struct) tutorial)](https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/classes-and-class-members/)
diff --git a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index e670bc74a..85331a31c 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ class Alien {
    private:
     int health{3};
 };
-}  // namespace targets
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace targets
diff --git a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/ellens_alien_game.cpp b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/ellens_alien_game.cpp
index 98820f043..ccffc7258 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/ellens_alien_game.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/ellens-alien-game/ellens_alien_game.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 namespace targets {
 // TODO: Insert the code for the alien class here
 
-}  // namespace targets
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace targets
diff --git a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md
index 729d2bcee..83c6c1419 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Integers are whole numbers like `0`, `691`, or `-2`.
 Floating point numbers are numbers with a decimal point like `6.02214076`, `0.1`, or `-1.616`.
 
 ## Integers
-The following example shows the declaration and initialization of four different variables 
+The following example shows the declaration and initialization of four different variables
 
 ```cpp
 int m_morales{9241};              // base 10: 0-9
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ You can use an apostrophe to separate digits for easier readability.
 
 ## Floating-Point Numbers
 
-The floating-point literals come in two flavors. 
+The floating-point literals come in two flavors.
 In addition to the intuitive `0.0024` it is possible to use its scientific notation `2.4e-3`.
 The most common floating-point type is `double`.
 
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ These operators modify the current value of a variable by performing an operatio
 // we start with 0 people
 int people{};
 // we need 0 eggs
-int eggs{}; 
+int eggs{};
 // two people joined:
-people += 2; 
+people += 2;
 // people is now 2
 // let's add 3 eggs per person
 eggs += 3 * people;
diff --git a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 376f97b27..ce74d2829 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:numbers}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:numbers}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index a1809a36b..82035a4be 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ int days_in_budget(int budget, double hourly_rate, double discount) {
     double discounted_daily{daily_rate(discounted_per_hour)};
 
     return static_cast<int>(budget / discounted_daily);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/freelancer_rates.cpp b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/freelancer_rates.cpp
index cdf8897b5..3f57eb000 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/freelancer_rates.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/freelancer-rates/freelancer_rates.cpp
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ int days_in_budget(int budget, double hourly_rate, double discount) {
     // TODO: Implement a function that takes a budget, an hourly rate, and a
     // discount, and calculates how many complete days of work that covers.
     return 0;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 00b3e15e6..024d00274 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ int years_until_desired_balance(double balance, double target_balance) {
         balance = annual_balance_update(balance);
     }
     return years;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/interest_is_interesting.cpp b/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/interest_is_interesting.cpp
index 7fb33b4c7..a84f04f0d 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/interest_is_interesting.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/interest-is-interesting/interest_is_interesting.cpp
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ double annual_balance_update(double balance) {
 int years_until_desired_balance(double balance, double target_balance) {
     // TODO: Implement the years_until_desired_balance function
     return 0;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 5c58bbfd4..81f4307de 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:functions}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:functions}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.meta/design.md b/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.meta/design.md
index 5d9fbcb72..8368b8459 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.meta/design.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.meta/design.md
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ The following concepts are needed to solve the exercise:
 The story was inspired by the [Lasagna Master Exercise in the Javascipt track][javascript-lasagna-master].
 Some tasks needed to be changed though to achieve an exercise that fits the C++ learning objectives.
 
-[javascript-lasagna-master]: https://github.com/exercism/javascript/blob/main/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.docs/instructions.md
\ No newline at end of file
+[javascript-lasagna-master]: https://github.com/exercism/javascript/blob/main/exercises/concept/lasagna-master/.docs/instructions.md
diff --git a/exercises/concept/lasagna/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/lasagna/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 5f0e01404..cd2cef4ed 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/lasagna/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/lasagna/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:basics}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:basics}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/lasagna/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/lasagna/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 54e612475..ffbfc6635 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/lasagna/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/lasagna/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ int preparationTime(int numberOfLayers) {
 // far.
 int elapsedTime(int numberOfLayers, int actualMinutesInOven) {
     return preparationTime(numberOfLayers) + actualMinutesInOven;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/last-will/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/last-will/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 10f577e26..58e43378d 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/last-will/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/last-will/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:namespaces}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:namespaces}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/last-will/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/last-will/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 8031c0089..ef8f15ae5 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/last-will/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/last-will/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -57,4 +57,4 @@ int assemble_code() {
            (zhang::blue::code_fragment() + garcia::blue::code_fragment() +
             khan::blue::code_fragment());
 }
-}  // namespace estate_executor
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace estate_executor
diff --git a/exercises/concept/last-will/last_will.cpp b/exercises/concept/last-will/last_will.cpp
index d1321286d..3cb9fff85 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/last-will/last_will.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/last-will/last_will.cpp
@@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ int code_fragment() { return 923; }
 }  // namespace blue
 }  // namespace garcia
 
-// Enter your code below
\ No newline at end of file
+// Enter your code below
diff --git a/exercises/concept/log-levels/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/log-levels/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index bd4f8dd2b..a0da96918 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/log-levels/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/log-levels/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 %{concept:includes}
 
-%{concept:strings}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:strings}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/making-the-grade/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/making-the-grade/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 797dc9578..7c5cefee0 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/making-the-grade/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/making-the-grade/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ std::string perfect_score(std::vector<int> student_scores,
     }
 
     return "";
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 734f47afb..0ca1c6da2 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ bool lost(bool power_pellet_active, bool touching_ghost) {
 bool won(bool has_eaten_all_dots, bool power_pellet_active,
          bool touching_ghost) {
     return has_eaten_all_dots && !lost(power_pellet_active, touching_ghost);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/pacman_rules.cpp b/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/pacman_rules.cpp
index 8160dc752..8625a2596 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/pacman_rules.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/pacman-rules/pacman_rules.cpp
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ bool won(bool has_eaten_all_dots, bool power_pellet_active,
          bool touching_ghost) {
     // TODO: Please implement the won function
     return false;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/after.md b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/after.md
index 0c949ba6e..df322194f 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/after.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/after.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ They act as wrappers around raw pointers, adding additional functionality such a
 ## General Syntax
 
 Smart pointers are typically implemented as class templates in the C++ standard library.
-The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`. 
+The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`.
 
 ## Unique Pointers
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ auto your_flatmates_boyfriends_account = your_flatmates_account;
 ```
 
 Weak pointers are useful in scenarios where cyclic references need to be broken to prevent memory leaks.
-`std::weak_ptr` was designed to address the issue of cyclic ownership, also known as circular references, that can occur when using `std::shared_ptr`. 
+`std::weak_ptr` was designed to address the issue of cyclic ownership, also known as circular references, that can occur when using `std::shared_ptr`.
 In a cyclic ownership scenario, two or more `std::shared_ptr` objects are referencing each other, creating a cycle where none of the objects can be deleted because they have strong references to each other, leading to memory leaks.
 `std::weak_ptr` provides a solution to this problem by allowing weak references to shared objects without contributing to their reference count.
 This means that it can observe and access the shared object but doesn't prevent it from being deleted.
diff --git a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/introduction.md
index fb84567ca..329968d5f 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ They act as wrappers around raw pointers, adding additional functionality such a
 ## General Syntax
 
 Smart pointers are typically implemented as class templates in the C++ standard library.
-The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`. 
+The two most commonly used smart pointers are `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`.
 
 ## Unique Pointers
 
diff --git a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 0f7acea64..1c2ff464d 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ int power_intensity(const human& caster) {
     return caster.own_power.use_count();
 }
 
-}  // namespace troy
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace troy
diff --git a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.h b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.h
index 5e871faf2..b74daa515 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.h
+++ b/exercises/concept/power-of-troy/.meta/exemplar.h
@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ void manifest_power(human& receiver, std::string power_effect);
 void use_power(const human& caster, human& receiver);
 int power_intensity(const human& caster);
 
-}  // namespace troy
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace troy
diff --git a/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md
index fe708ac3e..b11092d55 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Dereferencing a pointer is done using the _indirection operator_ (`*`) operator.
 ```cpp
 std::string opponent{"Solomon Lane"};
 // 'ethan' points to the address of the string opponent
-std::string* ethan{&opponent}; 
+std::string* ethan{&opponent};
 // Instead of ethan's, the opponent's name address is given to the passPort
 std::string passportName{*ethan};
 ```
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ int gateCode[] = {462, 753, 218, 611, 977};
 // 'ptr' points to the first element of 'gateCode'
 int* ptr{&gateCode[0]};
 // Accesses the third Stargate address through pointer arithmetic
-int dialedAddress{*(ptr + 2)}; 
+int dialedAddress{*(ptr + 2)};
 // Chevron encoded! Dialing Stargate address:
 openStarGate(dialedAddress);
 ```
diff --git a/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 288c8554a..8ea648717 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/speedywagon/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Introduction
 
-%{concept:pointers}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:pointers}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/hints.md b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/hints.md
index a096d4c4c..8f2cc9e8b 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/hints.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/hints.md
@@ -24,5 +24,3 @@
 
 [switch]: https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/switch-statement-basics/
 [fallthrough]: https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/switch-fallthrough-and-scoping/
-
-
diff --git a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/instructions.md b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/instructions.md
index 288984313..2249d8b56 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/instructions.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/instructions.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 Your friend Helma made a small online game that rapidly gained popularity.
 It is called _HellMath_.
 The small community attracted some trolls who make the game and the forums pretty unpleasant.
-Helma has asked you to work on a new permission system to separate troublemakers. 
+Helma has asked you to work on a new permission system to separate troublemakers.
 
 The forum supports three different actions:
 
diff --git a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md
index 07718a20a..ca72911de 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ enum class WheelMaterial {
     plastic
 };
 ```
-Although the wheels and the deck can both be made of _plastic_, the two cannot be confused. 
+Although the wheels and the deck can both be made of _plastic_, the two cannot be confused.
 They are different _types_:  `DeckMaterial` plastic and `WheelMaterial` plastic.
 Each `enumeration` will have its `enumerators` in its own scope - its own `namespace`.
 This is the reason they are called `scoped enumerations`.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ You might be thinking that with a name like `scoped`, there would also be  _`uns
 `Unscoped enumerations` are becoming less popular because they all share the same global namespace.
 Because of the sharing, you could not have two `unscoped enumerations` with the same `enumerators` like _plastic_ in the example above.
 
-Also, `unscoped enumerations` implicitly convert to integers. 
+Also, `unscoped enumerations` implicitly convert to integers.
 Look at the example below for a surprising result:
 
 ```cpp
diff --git a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 18a9e7147..3c19d9078 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 %{concept:enums}
 
-%{concept:switch}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:switch}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/design.md b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/design.md
index d68ff7f4d..ccc203725 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/design.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/design.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ As this is an advanced exercise, there are no enum-related things that we should
 
 - `enums`
 - `switch`
-- 
+-
 ## Prerequisites
 
 This exercise's prerequisites Concepts are:
diff --git a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 0641e605b..e8ee09166 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ bool has_priority(AccountStatus player1, AccountStatus player2) {
     return static_cast<int>(player1) > static_cast<int>(player2);
 }
 
-}  // namespace hellmath
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace hellmath
diff --git a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/troll_the_trolls.cpp b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/troll_the_trolls.cpp
index 1ef38f9d6..a42c386b2 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/troll_the_trolls.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/troll-the-trolls/troll_the_trolls.cpp
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ namespace hellmath {
 // `AccountStatus` arguments and returns `true`, if and only if the first
 // account has a strictly higher priority than the second.
 
-}  // namespace hellmath
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace hellmath
diff --git a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md
index 424381018..ef98613bd 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Here are some common examples:
 ```cpp
 bool eq3 = 2 == 3; // false, integer comparison
 
-bool eq4 = 2.1 != 2.2; // true, float comparison 
+bool eq4 = 2.1 != 2.2; // true, float comparison
 
 bool eq5 = "hello" == "hello"; // true, string comparison
 ```
diff --git a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md.tpl b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
index 058d70afe..875c00fa2 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
+++ b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.docs/introduction.md.tpl
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 %{concept:comparisons}
 
-%{concept:if-statements}
\ No newline at end of file
+%{concept:if-statements}
diff --git a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.meta/exemplar.cpp b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.meta/exemplar.cpp
index 649671308..8a734eea7 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.meta/exemplar.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/.meta/exemplar.cpp
@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ double calculate_resell_price(double original_price, double age) {
     return original_price * discount;
 }
 
-}  // namespace vehicle_purchase
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace vehicle_purchase
diff --git a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/CMakeLists.txt b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/CMakeLists.txt
index 24d8a62a6..45a584fe0 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -70,4 +70,3 @@ endif()
 
 # Run the tests on every build
 add_custom_target(test_${exercise} ALL DEPENDS ${exercise} COMMAND ${exercise})
-
diff --git a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/vehicle_purchase.cpp b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/vehicle_purchase.cpp
index b392d9bd3..613e11df4 100644
--- a/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/vehicle_purchase.cpp
+++ b/exercises/concept/vehicle-purchase/vehicle_purchase.cpp
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ double calculate_resell_price(double original_price, double age) {
     return 0.0;
 }
 
-}  // namespace vehicle_purchase
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace vehicle_purchase
diff --git a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.cpp b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.cpp
index 60c57e5c1..886a571d2 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.cpp
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ std::string decode(const std::string& text, int a, int b) {
     return out;
 }
 
-}  // namespace affine_cipher
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace affine_cipher
diff --git a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.h b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.h
index 035300d74..05cf34ce4 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.h
+++ b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.h
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ namespace affine_cipher {
 std::string encode(const std::string& input, int a, int b);
 std::string decode(const std::string& input, int a, int b);
 
-}  // namespace affine_cipher
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace affine_cipher
diff --git a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.cpp b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.cpp
index 671caf3e9..9f8665fcd 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.cpp
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ namespace affine_cipher {
 
 // TODO: add your solution here
 
-}  // namespace affine_cipher
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace affine_cipher
diff --git a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.h b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.h
index f400dec1e..b8d6ddfa7 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.h
+++ b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.h
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ namespace affine_cipher {
 
 }  // namespace affine_cipher
 
-#endif  // AFFINE_CIPHER_H
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif  // AFFINE_CIPHER_H
diff --git a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher_test.cpp
index b36c6b90e..8cea17f79 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher_test.cpp
@@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ TEST_CASE("decode_with_a_not_coprime_to_m",
                       std::invalid_argument);
 }
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/content.md b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/content.md
index 52869d0bc..b72621f6c 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/content.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ A simple serial for-loop can be a lot faster for a small number than a [parallel
 
 ## Converting the `input_digits`
 
-### Numeric's `accumulate` 
+### Numeric's `accumulate`
 
 The for-loop with `*` and `+` can be written with the [`accumulate`][acuumulate-function] function from the [`numeric`][numeric-header] header.
 
@@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ unsigned int digit_limit{static_cast<unsigned int>(std::log(intermediate) / std:
 std::vector <unsigned int> output_digits(digit_limit);
 std::iota(output_digits.rbegin(), output_digits.rend(), 1);
 std::for_each(std::execution::par_unseq,
-                output_digits.begin(),   
-                output_digits.end(),    
+                output_digits.begin(),
+                output_digits.end(),
                 [&](unsigned int digit) {
-                output_digits[digit_limit - digit] = 
+                output_digits[digit_limit - digit] =
                     intermediate
                         / static_cast<unsigned int>(std::pow(output_base, digit - 1))
                         % output_base;
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ std::vector<unsigned int> convert(unsigned int input_base,
         output_digits.begin(),
         output_digits.end(),
         [&](unsigned int digit) {
-            output_digits[digit_limit - digit] = 
+            output_digits[digit_limit - digit] =
                 intermediate / static_cast<unsigned int>(std::pow(output_base, digit - 1)) % output_base;
     });
 
@@ -174,5 +174,5 @@ std::vector<unsigned int> convert(unsigned int input_base,
 [execution-policies]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/execution_policy_tag_t
 [tbb]: https://github.com/oneapi-src/oneTBB
 [in-sequence]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/all-your-base/approaches/in-sequence
-[for-loop]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/for 
+[for-loop]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/for
 [for-each]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/for_each
diff --git a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/snippet.txt b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/snippet.txt
index 60e554324..1867dd631 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/snippet.txt
+++ b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-parallel/snippet.txt
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ unsigned int intermediate = std::transform_reduce(std::execution::par_unseq,
     positions.crbegin(), 0U, std::plus {},
     [ & input_base](unsigned int d, unsigned int pos) {
         return d * std::pow(input_base, pos);
-    });
\ No newline at end of file
+    });
diff --git a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/content.md b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/content.md
index 639082cfc..a35a900b8 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/content.md
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ When you need both the remainder and the quotient from a division operation, you
 
 ```cpp
 std::vector <unsigned int> output_digits{};
-std::ldiv_t v{intermediate, 0};        
+std::ldiv_t v{intermediate, 0};
 while (v.quot > 0) {
     v = std::div(v.quot, output_base);
     output_digits.emplace_back(v.rem);
@@ -107,19 +107,19 @@ std::vector<unsigned int> convert(unsigned int input_base,
         throw std::invalid_argument("Bases must be at least 2");
     unsigned int intermediate = 0;
     for (unsigned int d : input_digits) {
-            if (d >= input_base) 
+            if (d >= input_base)
                 throw std::invalid_argument("Digits cannot be bigger than the base");
         intermediate = intermediate * input_base + d;
     }
     std::vector <unsigned int> output_digits{};
-    std::ldiv_t v{intermediate, 0};        
+    std::ldiv_t v{intermediate, 0};
     while (v.quot > 0) {
         v = std::div(v.quot, output_base);
         output_digits.emplace_back(v.rem);
     }
-    
+
     std::reverse(output_digits.begin(), output_digits.end());
-    
+
     return output_digits;
 }
 ```
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ std::vector<unsigned int> convert(unsigned int input_base,
 [pow-function]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/pow
 [reverse-string]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/reverse-string/dig_deeper
 [parallel-computing]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing
-[while-loop]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/while 
-[for-loop]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/for 
+[while-loop]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/while
+[for-loop]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/for
 [algorithm-header]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm
 [div-function]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/div
diff --git a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/snippet.txt b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/snippet.txt
index 34297d5d3..0918777ee 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/snippet.txt
+++ b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/in-sequence/snippet.txt
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ std::vector <unsigned int> output_digits{};
 while (intermediate > 0) {
     output_digits.emplace_back(intermediate % output_base);
     intermediate /= output_base;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/introduction.md b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/introduction.md
index 78e55c97b..89788abbf 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/all-your-base/.approaches/introduction.md
@@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ std::vector <unsigned int> output_digits(digit_limit);
 std::iota(output_digits.rbegin(), output_digits.rend(), 1);
 std::for_each(
     std::execution::par_unseq,
-    output_digits.begin(),   
-    output_digits.end(),    
+    output_digits.begin(),
+    output_digits.end(),
     [&](unsigned int digit) {
-        output_digits[digit_limit - digit] = 
+        output_digits[digit_limit - digit] =
             intermediate
                 / static_cast<unsigned int>(std::pow(output_base, digit - 1))
                 % output_base;
diff --git a/exercises/practice/allergies/.docs/instructions.append.md b/exercises/practice/allergies/.docs/instructions.append.md
index 72a9cd435..ce6eb03b8 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/allergies/.docs/instructions.append.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/allergies/.docs/instructions.append.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Instructions append
- 
+
 ## Some Additional Notes for C++ Implementation
 
 This exercise uses the [`unordered_set`][set]
diff --git a/exercises/practice/alphametics/.meta/example.h b/exercises/practice/alphametics/.meta/example.h
index 9fc3bb6ed..e5fbdc1bc 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/alphametics/.meta/example.h
+++ b/exercises/practice/alphametics/.meta/example.h
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ namespace alphametics {
 
 std::optional<std::map<char, int>> solve(const std::string& puzzle);
 
-}  // namespace alphametics
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace alphametics
diff --git a/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics.h b/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics.h
index bbbdf05d0..b3b7f7261 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics.h
+++ b/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics.h
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ namespace alphametics {
 
 }  // namespace alphametics
 
-#endif  // ALPHAMETICS_H
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif  // ALPHAMETICS_H
diff --git a/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics_test.cpp
index 436ad1ee8..7dbdb0a1d 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/alphametics/alphametics_test.cpp
@@ -160,4 +160,4 @@ TEST_CASE("puzzle_with_ten_letters_and_199_addends",
     REQUIRE(m.at('T') == 9);
 }
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/.meta/example.cpp b/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/.meta/example.cpp
index 662081f6c..86b8496b8 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/.meta/example.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/.meta/example.cpp
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ bool armstrong_numbers::is_armstrong_number(int number) {
         accumulate += std::pow(current % 10, length);
     }
     return accumulate == number;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/armstrong_numbers_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/armstrong_numbers_test.cpp
index 8db31c23c..20c76b305 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/armstrong_numbers_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/armstrong_numbers_test.cpp
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ TEST_CASE("seven_digit_number_that_is_an_armstrong_number") {
 TEST_CASE("seven_digit_number_that_is_not_an_armstrong_number") {
     REQUIRE_FALSE(armstrong_numbers::is_armstrong_number(9926314));
 }
-#endif  // !EXERCISM_RUN_ALL_TESTS
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif  // !EXERCISM_RUN_ALL_TESTS
diff --git a/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account.cpp b/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account.cpp
index ac7a16693..7ee61e277 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 #include "bank_account.h"
 
-namespace Bankaccount {}
\ No newline at end of file
+namespace Bankaccount {}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account_test.cpp
index 32f8aed84..32888a3c8 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/bank-account/bank_account_test.cpp
@@ -165,4 +165,4 @@ TEST_CASE("Can handle concurrent transactions",
 
     REQUIRE(account.balance() == 0);
 }
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/introduction.md b/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/introduction.md
index b15965483..d8cd6c09e 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/introduction.md
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ namespace binary_search {
             if (look == value) return mid;
             if (look < value) left = mid + 1;
             else right = mid;
-        }    
+        }
         throw std::domain_error("Value not found. No soup for you!");
-    } 
+    }
 }  // namespace binary_search
 ```
 
diff --git a/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/content.md b/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/content.md
index 8fe0ef062..cf952d18a 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/content.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# 
+#
 ## Approach: `while` loop with `if` statements
 
 **binary_search.h**
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ namespace binary_search {
             if (look == value) return mid;
             if (look < value) left = mid + 1;
             else right = mid;
-        }    
+        }
         throw std::domain_error("Value not found. No soup for you!");
-    } 
+    }
 }  // namespace binary_search
 ```
 
@@ -69,4 +69,3 @@ The loop exits and a [std::domain_error][domain-error] is returned from the func
 [if]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/if
 [domain-error]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/domain_error
 [mid-bug]: https://ai.googleblog.com/2006/06/extra-extra-read-all-about-it-nearly.html
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/snippet.txt b/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/snippet.txt
index 1020f34d2..4c520baed 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/snippet.txt
+++ b/exercises/practice/binary-search/.approaches/while-with-if-statements/snippet.txt
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ while (left < right) {
     if (look == value) return mid;
     if (look < value) left = mid + 1;
     else right = mid;
-}    
+}
 throw std::domain_error("Value not found.");
diff --git a/exercises/practice/collatz-conjecture/.meta/example.cpp b/exercises/practice/collatz-conjecture/.meta/example.cpp
index 5f89108aa..f0bcacff9 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/collatz-conjecture/.meta/example.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/collatz-conjecture/.meta/example.cpp
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ int collatz_conjecture::steps(int value) {
         ++step;
     }
     return step;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/complex-numbers/complex_numbers_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/complex-numbers/complex_numbers_test.cpp
index 40373bc0e..42531e5e7 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/complex-numbers/complex_numbers_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/complex-numbers/complex_numbers_test.cpp
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ TEST_CASE(
 TEST_CASE(
     // clang-format off
     "Operations between real numbers and complex numbers -> Divide complex number by real number",
-    // clang-format on 
+    // clang-format on
     "[8a400f75-710e-4d0c-bcb4-5e5a00c78aa0]") {
     const Complex c{10.0, 100.0};
 
diff --git a/exercises/practice/darts/darts.cpp b/exercises/practice/darts/darts.cpp
index 2d313dd6b..f1349a445 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/darts/darts.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/darts/darts.cpp
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ namespace darts {
 
 // TODO: add your solution here
 
-}  // namespace darts
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace darts
diff --git a/exercises/practice/high-scores/.docs/instructions.append.md b/exercises/practice/high-scores/.docs/instructions.append.md
index 312435fdd..8f90adf15 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/high-scores/.docs/instructions.append.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/high-scores/.docs/instructions.append.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Instructions append
- 
+
 ## Some Additional Notes for C++ Implementation
 
 This exercise uses the [vector container][vector].
diff --git a/exercises/practice/high-scores/high_scores_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/high-scores/high_scores_test.cpp
index 9224f5c90..d8854f10f 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/high-scores/high_scores_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/high-scores/high_scores_test.cpp
@@ -114,4 +114,4 @@ TEST_CASE(
     REQUIRE(hs.list_scores() == scores);
 }
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/exercises/practice/isbn-verifier/isbn_verifier.cpp b/exercises/practice/isbn-verifier/isbn_verifier.cpp
index 70867dcb6..84bdc3a96 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/isbn-verifier/isbn_verifier.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/isbn-verifier/isbn_verifier.cpp
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ namespace isbn_verifier {
 
 // TODO: add your solution here
 
-}  // namespace isbn_verifier
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace isbn_verifier
diff --git a/exercises/practice/largest-series-product/largest_series_product.cpp b/exercises/practice/largest-series-product/largest_series_product.cpp
index 41a95ed08..ad1b58122 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/largest-series-product/largest_series_product.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/largest-series-product/largest_series_product.cpp
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ namespace largest_series_product {
 
 // TODO: add your solution here
 
-}  // namespace largest_series_product
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace largest_series_product
diff --git a/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/boolean-chain/snippet.txt b/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/boolean-chain/snippet.txt
index de02bdc98..8ac824be8 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/boolean-chain/snippet.txt
+++ b/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/boolean-chain/snippet.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 bool is_leap_year(int year) {
     return (year % 4 == 0) && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/introduction.md b/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/introduction.md
index 7116eb5ef..6afcb8d2f 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/introduction.md
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ If you cannot use C++20 features, you might consider falling back on the [boost
 [ternary-operator]: https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/the-conditional-operator/
 [approach-boolean-chain]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/leap/approaches/boolean-chain
 [approach-ternary-operator]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/leap/approaches/ternary-operator
-[boost-library]: https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_31_0/libs/date_time/doc/class_gregorian_calendar.html#functions
\ No newline at end of file
+[boost-library]: https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_31_0/libs/date_time/doc/class_gregorian_calendar.html#functions
diff --git a/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/ternary-operator/snippet.txt b/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/ternary-operator/snippet.txt
index 092b1edfe..3f307c079 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/ternary-operator/snippet.txt
+++ b/exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/ternary-operator/snippet.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 bool is_leap_year(int year) {
     return year % 100 == 0 ? year % 400 == 0 : year % 4 == 0;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/.gitignore b/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/.gitignore
index e51745942..3670e3ea3 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/.gitignore
+++ b/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 benchmark/*
-!benchmark/leap_benchmark.cpp
\ No newline at end of file
+!benchmark/leap_benchmark.cpp
diff --git a/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/benchmark/leap_benchmark.cpp b/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/benchmark/leap_benchmark.cpp
index 04e13fe51..81cad1932 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/benchmark/leap_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/benchmark/leap_benchmark.cpp
@@ -84,4 +84,4 @@ static void BM_empty_read(benchmark::State& state) {
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_empty_read);
 
-BENCHMARK_MAIN();
\ No newline at end of file
+BENCHMARK_MAIN();
diff --git a/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/snippet.md b/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/snippet.md
index e360ab3c6..df92d509a 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/snippet.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/leap/.articles/performance/snippet.md
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 | Ternary       | 15.86                       | 127          |
 | Chrono        | 14.816                      | 119          |
 | Boost         | 26.691                      | 214          |
-| Inverse Chain | 27.178                      | 218          |
\ No newline at end of file
+| Inverse Chain | 27.178                      | 218          |
diff --git a/exercises/practice/linked-list/linked_list.cpp b/exercises/practice/linked-list/linked_list.cpp
index e7786eb95..54fe90e8a 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/linked-list/linked_list.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/linked-list/linked_list.cpp
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ namespace linked_list {
 
 // TODO: add your solution here
 
-}  // namespace linked_list
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace linked_list
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pangram/.approaches/bitset-all/content.md b/exercises/practice/pangram/.approaches/bitset-all/content.md
index 1fdf2070c..6191d28f1 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/pangram/.approaches/bitset-all/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/pangram/.approaches/bitset-all/content.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ This approach starts be defining a [`bitset`][bitset] to keep track of the used
 
 A [range-based `for` loop][ranged-for] iterates over all of the characters in the input phrase [`string_view`][stringview].
 Each character is tested by the [`isalpha()`][isalpha] function to see if it is considered an alphabetic character according to the currently installed C locale.
-If the currently installed locale is not suitable for the English alphabet, then [`std::locale::classic()`][locale-classic] can be passed to the [`isalpha()`][isalpha-locale] function defined in [&lt;locale&gt;][locale], like so: 
+If the currently installed locale is not suitable for the English alphabet, then [`std::locale::classic()`][locale-classic] can be passed to the [`isalpha()`][isalpha-locale] function defined in [&lt;locale&gt;][locale], like so:
 
 ```cpp
 #include <bitset>
diff --git a/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.docs/instructions.append.md b/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.docs/instructions.append.md
index d643b8a26..46b095c2a 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.docs/instructions.append.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.docs/instructions.append.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Instructions append
- 
+
 ## Additional Notes for C++ Implementation
 
 There are several ways how to achieve parallelism in C++.
diff --git a/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.meta/config.json b/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.meta/config.json
index a6fbf1909..fbcd09c9d 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.meta/config.json
+++ b/exercises/practice/parallel-letter-frequency/.meta/config.json
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@
     ]
   },
   "blurb": "Count the frequency of letters in texts using parallel computation."
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/perfect-numbers/.meta/example.cpp b/exercises/practice/perfect-numbers/.meta/example.cpp
index c6233bb1b..6d70ce242 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/perfect-numbers/.meta/example.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/perfect-numbers/.meta/example.cpp
@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ classification classify(int n) {
     }
     return classification::perfect;
 }
-}  // namespace perfect_numbers
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace perfect_numbers
diff --git a/exercises/practice/phone-number/phone_number_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/phone-number/phone_number_test.cpp
index 2757bb229..7f3d6a0ce 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/phone-number/phone_number_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/phone-number/phone_number_test.cpp
@@ -111,4 +111,4 @@ TEST_CASE("invalid_if_exchange_code_starts_with_1_on_valid_11_digit_number",
                       std::domain_error);
 }
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/direct-construction/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/direct-construction/content.md
index 1c930fed7..b1ebc8ad2 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/direct-construction/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/direct-construction/content.md
@@ -71,4 +71,3 @@ This is a great approach, it is concise and easy to read (once you know about th
 
 [cppref-stringview]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string_view
 [cppref-string-ctor]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/basic_string
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/divide-and-conquer/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/divide-and-conquer/content.md
index 7c3edbe93..6c45a8b84 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/divide-and-conquer/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/divide-and-conquer/content.md
@@ -91,4 +91,3 @@ Therefore it is mostly presented as an interesting idea.
 [wiki-divide-and-conquer]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide-and-conquer_algorithm
 [wiki-quasilinear-time]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity#Quasilinear_time
 [approach-linear-recursion]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/reverse-string/approaches/linear-recursion
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/introduction.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/introduction.md
index a0afe3183..5cfeda243 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/introduction.md
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ std::string reverse_string(std::string_view original)
 
 This approach builds the reversed string by using linear recursion.
 It creates an empty string and passes that as an "output parameter" to the recursive helper function.
-That helper function removes the last character from the input, appends it to the output, and calls itself recursively.  
+That helper function removes the last character from the input, appends it to the output, and calls itself recursively.
 Be careful: That is only safe if you know what you are doing.
 
 For more information check out the [Linear Recursion][approach-linear-recursion] approach.
@@ -248,4 +248,3 @@ For more information check out the [Over-Engineered][approach-over-engineered] a
 [approach-linear-recursion]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/reverse-string/approaches/linear-recursion
 [approach-divide-and-conquer]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/reverse-string/approaches/divide-and-conquer
 [approach-over-engineered]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/reverse-string/approaches/over-engineered
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/iterative/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/iterative/content.md
index b5e2c45d7..06fe6f687 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/iterative/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/iterative/content.md
@@ -127,4 +127,3 @@ Check out the [Direct Construction][approach-direct-construction] approach.
 [cppref-string-pushback]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/push_back
 [cppref-string-operator-plus-equal]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/operator%2B%3D
 [approach-direct-construction]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/reverse-string/approaches/direct-construction
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/linear-recursion/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/linear-recursion/content.md
index 1d733111c..a3831e83a 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/linear-recursion/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/linear-recursion/content.md
@@ -105,4 +105,3 @@ Therefore it is only presented as an interesting idea and to warn about linear r
 [cppref-stringview-removesuffix]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string_view/remove_suffix
 [wiki-stack-overflow]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_overflow
 [wiki-tail-call]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_call
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/over-engineered/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/over-engineered/content.md
index 3ac5490d3..14fac602f 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/over-engineered/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/over-engineered/content.md
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ That is helpful in situations where either the result contains some error code t
 ## Overloading functions
 
 In C++ it is possible (and quite common) to define multiple different functions with the same name but different parameter (different number of parameter or different parameter types.)
-When an overloaded function is called the compiler collects all candidate with that name, trims the set of candidate to the *viable* ones, and then selects the best fit for the function call (see [cppreference.com][cppref-overload-resolution]).  
+When an overloaded function is called the compiler collects all candidate with that name, trims the set of candidate to the *viable* ones, and then selects the best fit for the function call (see [cppreference.com][cppref-overload-resolution]).
 
 Overloading function is often done if these functions perform the same task *conceptually* but in a slightly different way, depending on the arguments.
 
@@ -144,4 +144,3 @@ Therefore this "over-engineered approach" is not meant as the *best* approach, b
 [cppref-attributes]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/attributes
 [cppref-overload-resolution]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/overload_resolution
 [cppref-noexcept]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/noexcept_spec
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/stack-operations/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/stack-operations/content.md
index a2c35ac49..7b78ccfcc 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/stack-operations/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/stack-operations/content.md
@@ -89,4 +89,3 @@ It is mostly presented as an interesting idea and unique way to think about the
 [cppref-stringview-back]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string_view/back
 [cppref-string-removesuffix]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string_view/remove_suffix
 [cppref-string-pushback]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/push_back
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/swapping-characters/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/swapping-characters/content.md
index a3e720934..7369dd2ba 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/swapping-characters/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/swapping-characters/content.md
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ std::string reverse_string(std::string str)
 
 The function takes its argument "by value" (`std::string`).
 That means the parameter `str` gets constructed from the argument that the caller passes to the function, and it gets destructed at the end of the function.
-Any modifications of the parameter will not be visible outside of the function and will not affect the argument of the caller.  
+Any modifications of the parameter will not be visible outside of the function and will not affect the argument of the caller.
 We do that because the function needs a "working copy" of the string, it will reverse and return that parameter without creating an additional instance of `std::string`.
 
 ## Handling an empty string as a special case
@@ -88,4 +88,3 @@ Check out the [Using the standard library][approach-using-the-standard-lib] appr
 
 [cppref-swap]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/swap
 [approach-using-the-standard-lib]: https://exercism.org/tracks/cpp/exercises/reverse-string/approaches/using-the-standard-lib
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/using-the-standard-lib/content.md b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/using-the-standard-lib/content.md
index 837350d42..b0c63339c 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/using-the-standard-lib/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/reverse-string/.approaches/using-the-standard-lib/content.md
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ After including this header we can call the function `std::reverse` later in the
 
 The function takes its argument "by value" (`std::string`).
 That means the parameter `str` gets constructed from the argument that the caller passes to the function, and it gets destructed at the end of the function.
-Any modifications of the parameter will not be visible outside of the function and will not affect the argument of the caller.  
+Any modifications of the parameter will not be visible outside of the function and will not affect the argument of the caller.
 We do that because the function needs a "working copy" of the string, it will reverse and return that parameter without creating an additional instance of `std::string`.
 
 ## Calling `std::reverse()`.
@@ -59,4 +59,3 @@ This is a great approach; it is concise, easy to read, idiomatic, and very effic
 
 [cppref-algorithm]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/algorithm
 [cppref-reverse]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/reverse
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/rotational-cipher/rotational_cipher_test.cpp b/exercises/practice/rotational-cipher/rotational_cipher_test.cpp
index 7fdc11ae0..144fe464f 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/rotational-cipher/rotational_cipher_test.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/rotational-cipher/rotational_cipher_test.cpp
@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ TEST_CASE("rotate all letters", "[9fb93fe6-42b0-46e6-9ec1-0bf0a062d8c9]") {
             "Gur dhvpx oebja sbk whzcf bire gur ynml qbt.");
 }
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/introduction.md b/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/introduction.md
index 7f1244565..d4ff9e13b 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/introduction.md
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ namespace secret_handshake {
     std::vector<std::string> commands (unsigned int signal) {
         std::vector<std::string> output;
         int action = 0, action_incr = 1, end = actions.size();
-        if (signal & REVERSE) {action = actions.size() - 1; action_incr = -1; end = -1;}        
-            
+        if (signal & REVERSE) {action = actions.size() - 1; action_incr = -1; end = -1;}
+
         for (; action != end; action+=action_incr)
             if (signal & (1 << action))
                 output.emplace_back(actions[action]);
diff --git a/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/content.md b/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/content.md
index ee1f6b87b..33ecbe7db 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/content.md
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ namespace secret_handshake {
     std::vector<std::string> commands (unsigned int signal) {
         std::vector<std::string> output;
         int action = 0, action_incr = 1, end = actions.size();
-        if (signal & reverse) {action = actions.size() - 1; action_incr = -1; end = -1;}        
-            
+        if (signal & reverse) {action = actions.size() - 1; action_incr = -1; end = -1;}
+
         for (; action != end; action += action_incr)
             if (signal & (1 << action))
                 output.emplace_back(actions[action]);
diff --git a/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/snippet.txt b/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/snippet.txt
index 2bc0e37f5..45c27ce43 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/snippet.txt
+++ b/exercises/practice/secret-handshake/.approaches/iterate-once/snippet.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 int action = 0, action_incr = 1, end = signals.size();
-if (signal & REVERSE) {action = actions.size() - 1; action_incr = -1; end = -1;}        
+if (signal & REVERSE) {action = actions.size() - 1; action_incr = -1; end = -1;}
 
 for (; action != end; action+=action_incr)
     if (signal & (1 << action))
diff --git a/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/introduction.md b/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/introduction.md
index 2b2a6be7a..1fcb74b60 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/introduction.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/introduction.md
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace sieve {
 		std::vector<bool> composite(limit + 1, false);
 		std::vector<int> primes;
 		primes.reserve(limit / 2);
-    
+
 		for (long long number = 2; number <= limit; number++) {
 			if (!composite[number]) {
 				primes.emplace_back(number);
diff --git a/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/vector-of-bools/content.md b/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/vector-of-bools/content.md
index 2af7ccfca..523b092ea 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/vector-of-bools/content.md
+++ b/exercises/practice/sieve/.approaches/vector-of-bools/content.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace sieve {
 		std::vector<bool> composite(limit + 1, false);
 		std::vector<int> primes;
 		primes.reserve(limit / 2);
-    
+
 		for (int number = 2; number <= limit; number++) {
 			if (!composite[number]) {
 				primes.emplace_back(number);
diff --git a/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/example.cpp b/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/example.cpp
index f6926e9ed..a65609bcc 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/example.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/example.cpp
@@ -263,4 +263,4 @@ Solution solve() {
     return solution;
 }
 
-}  // namespace zebra_puzzle
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace zebra_puzzle
diff --git a/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/tests.toml b/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/tests.toml
index 38c82da54..56c21c7a3 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/tests.toml
+++ b/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/.meta/tests.toml
@@ -14,4 +14,3 @@ description = "resident who drinks water"
 
 [084d5b8b-24e2-40e6-b008-c800da8cd257]
 description = "resident who owns zebra"
-
diff --git a/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/zebra_puzzle.cpp b/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/zebra_puzzle.cpp
index d643a1457..3cf698013 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/zebra_puzzle.cpp
+++ b/exercises/practice/zebra-puzzle/zebra_puzzle.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 #include "zebra_puzzle.h"
 
-namespace zebra_puzzle {}  // namespace zebra_puzzle
\ No newline at end of file
+namespace zebra_puzzle {}  // namespace zebra_puzzle