11.. _bulk-solution-label :
2+ .. include :: ../../non-tutorials/links.rst
23
34Ionic solution
45**************
@@ -73,19 +74,11 @@ called |empty.gro|, and copy the following lines into it:
7374 0
7475 3.50000 3.50000 3.50000
7576
76- .. |empty.gro | raw :: html
77-
78- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/empty.gro" target="_blank">empty.gro</a>
79-
8077 The first line, *Cubic box *, is a comment; the second line indicates the total
8178number of atoms (0 here); and the last line defines the box dimensions in
8279nanometers -- in this case, 3.5 by 3.5 by :math: `3.5 ~\text {nm}`. This **.gro ** file
8380is written in |Gromos87 | format.
8481
85- .. |Gromos87 | raw :: html
86-
87- <a href="https://manual.gromacs.org/archive/5.0.4/online/gro.html" target="_blank">Gromos87</a>
88-
8982Let us populate this empty box with :math: `\text {SO}_4 ^{2 -}` ions first. To do so,
9083the GROMACS command named ``insert-molecules `` is used, for which one needs to
9184provide a template for the ion. Within the same folder as **empty.gro **, create a
@@ -102,10 +95,6 @@ new file named |so4.gro|, and copy the following lines into it:
10295 1 SO4 S1 5 0.496 1.117 0.280
10396 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
10497
105- .. |so4.gro | raw :: html
106-
107- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/so4.gro" target="_blank">so4.gro</a>
108-
10998 This topology file for the :math: `\text {SO}_4 ^{2 -}` ion is written in the same |Gromos87 |
11099format as **empty.gro **. It contains 5 atoms named ``O1 ``, ``O2 ``, ``O3 ``, ``O4 ``,
111100and ``S1 ``, all grouped in a residue called ``SO4 ``.
@@ -125,11 +114,7 @@ The ``-radius 0.5`` option is used to prevent ions for being inserted closer tha
125114 :class: non-title-info
126115
127116 Each GROMACS command comes with online documentation. See, for instance,
128- this |doc-gmx | for the ``insert-molecules `` command.
129-
130- .. |doc-gmx | raw :: html
131-
132- <a href="https://manual.gromacs.org/2025.1/onlinehelp/gmx-insert-molecules.html" target="_blank">page</a>
117+ this page for the |insert-molecules | command.
133118
134119The output printed in the terminal should indicate that the insertions were
135120successful:
@@ -193,10 +178,6 @@ Then, download the |na.gro| template for the :math:`\text{Na}^+` ion and add
193178
194179 gmx insert-molecules -ci na.gro -f conf.gro -o conf.gro -nmol 12 -radius 0.5
195180
196- .. |na.gro | raw :: html
197-
198- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/na.gro" target="_blank">na.gro</a>
199-
200181 Here, importantly, the same **conf.gro ** file is used as both input (``-f ``) and
201182output (``-o ``), so the 12 ions will be added to the same file named **conf.gro **.
202183Finally, download the |h2o.gro | template for the :math: `\text {H}_2 \text {O}` molecule,
@@ -207,10 +188,6 @@ same command once again:
207188
208189 gmx insert-molecules -ci h2o.gro -f conf.gro -o conf.gro -nmol 800 -radius 0.14
209190
210- .. |h2o.gro | raw :: html
211-
212- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/h2o.gro" target="_blank">h2o.gro</a>
213-
214191 The final **conf.gro ** file contains :
215192
216193.. code-block :: bw
@@ -254,14 +231,9 @@ forces exerted by their surroundings.
254231 as the surrounding water molecules.
255232
256233In case you encountered a problem during this part of the tutorial, you can
257- download the ** conf.gro ** file by clicking | conf_gro | , and continue with the
234+ download the | conf_gro_tutorial1 | file , and continue with the
258235tutorial.
259236
260- .. |conf_gro | raw :: html
261-
262- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/conf.gro" target="_blank">here</a>
263-
264-
265237Set the parameters
266238==================
267239
@@ -305,10 +277,6 @@ include both bonded and non-bonded interactions.
305277First, the |topol-SO4.top | file must be placed in the same folder as the
306278**conf.gro ** file. It contains the following lines:
307279
308- .. |topol-SO4.top | raw :: html
309-
310- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/topol.top" target="_blank">topol.top</a>
311-
312280.. code-block :: bw
313281
314282 #include "ff/forcefield.itp"
@@ -357,22 +325,6 @@ These four files contain information about the atoms (names, masses, charges,
357325Lennard-Jones coefficients) and residues (bond and angular constraints) for all
358326the species involved in the system.
359327
360- .. |forcefield.itp | raw :: html
361-
362- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/ff/forcefield.itp" target="_blank">forcefield.itp</a>
363-
364- .. |h2o.itp | raw :: html
365-
366- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/ff/h2o.itp" target="_blank">h2o.itp</a>
367-
368- .. |na.itp | raw :: html
369-
370- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/ff/na.itp" target="_blank">na.itp</a>
371-
372- .. |so4.itp | raw :: html
373-
374- <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gromacstutorials/gromacstutorials-inputs/main/tutorial1/ff/so4.itp" target="_blank">so4.itp</a>
375-
376328More specifically, the **forcefield.itp ** file contains a line that specifies
377329the combination rules as ``comb-rule 2 ``, which corresponds to the well-known
378330Lorentz-Berthelot rule :cite: `lorentzUeberAnwendungSatzes1881,berthelotMelangeGaz1898 `, where:
@@ -477,10 +429,6 @@ following the direction of the largest forces until one of the stopping criteria
477429is reached :cite: `debyeNaeherungsformelnFuerZylinderfunktionen1909 `. The ``nsteps `` command specifies
478430the maximum number of steps to perform, here 5000.
479431
480- .. |steepest-descent | raw :: html
481-
482- <a href="https://manual.gromacs.org/current/reference-manual/algorithms/energy-minimization.html" target="_blank">steepest-descent</a>
483-
484432To visualize the trajectory of the atoms during the minimization, let us also
485433add the following command to the input file:
486434
@@ -605,10 +553,6 @@ equivalent):
605553
606554 xmgrace min-pe.xvg
607555
608- .. |grace | raw :: html
609-
610- <a href="https://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/Grace/" target="_blank">Grace</a>
611-
612556 One can see from the energy plot that the potential energy is initially close
613557to zero. This is expected when atoms are too close to one another and molecules
614558are randomly oriented in space. As the minimization progresses, the potential
@@ -655,10 +599,6 @@ temperature of the system (:math:`T`) is adjusted using a thermostat.
655599 4. Apply periodic boundary conditions and constraints as required.
656600 5. Repeat for each timestep (e.g., 0.001 ps) throughout the simulation.
657601
658- .. |leap-frog | raw :: html
659-
660- <a href="https://manual.gromacs.org/nightly/reference-manual/algorithms/molecular-dynamics.html#update" target="_blank">leap-frog</a>
661-
662602Let us create a new input script called **nvt.mdp **, and save it in the
663603**inputs/ ** folder. Copy the following lines into it:
664604
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