diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8ce90977..79ffc1ff 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -618,28 +618,51 @@ swift test
 
 Tests for different language model backends have varying requirements:
 
-- **CoreML tests**: `swift test --traits CoreML` + `ENABLE_COREML_TESTS=1` + `HF_TOKEN` (downloads model from HuggingFace)
-- **MLX tests**: `swift test --traits MLX` + `ENABLE_MLX_TESTS=1` + `HF_TOKEN` (uses pre-defined model)
-- **Llama tests**: `swift test --traits Llama` + `LLAMA_MODEL_PATH` (points to local GGUF file)
-- **Anthropic tests**: `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` (no traits needed)
-- **OpenAI tests**: `OPENAI_API_KEY` (no traits needed)
-- **Ollama tests**: No setup needed (skips in CI)
+| Backend | Traits | Environment Variables |
+|---------|--------|----------------------|
+| CoreML | `CoreML` | `HF_TOKEN` |
+| MLX | `MLX` | `HF_TOKEN` |
+| Llama | `Llama` | `LLAMA_MODEL_PATH` |
+| Anthropic | — | `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` |
+| OpenAI | — | `OPENAI_API_KEY` |
+| Ollama | — | — |
 
-Example setup for all backends:
+Example setup for running multiple tests at once:
 
 ```bash
-# Environment variables
-export ENABLE_COREML_TESTS=1
-export ENABLE_MLX_TESTS=1
 export HF_TOKEN=your_huggingface_token
 export LLAMA_MODEL_PATH=/path/to/model.gguf
 export ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=your_anthropic_key
 export OPENAI_API_KEY=your_openai_key
 
-# Run all tests with traits enabled
-swift test --traits CoreML,MLX,Llama
+swift test --traits CoreML,Llama
 ```
 
+> [!TIP]
+> Tests that perform generation are skipped in CI environments (when `CI` is set).
+> Override this by setting `ENABLE_COREML_TESTS=1` or `ENABLE_MLX_TESTS=1`.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> MLX tests must be run with `xcodebuild` rather than `swift test`
+> due to Metal library loading requirements.
+> Since `xcodebuild` doesn't support package traits directly,
+> you'll first need to update `Package.swift` to enable the MLX trait by default.
+>
+> ```diff
+> - .default(enabledTraits: []),
+> + .default(enabledTraits: ["MLX"]),
+> ```
+> 
+> Pass environment variables with `TEST_RUNNER_` prefix:
+>
+> ```bash
+> export TEST_RUNNER_HF_TOKEN=your_huggingface_token
+> xcodebuild test \
+>   -scheme AnyLanguageModel \
+>   -destination 'platform=macOS' \
+>   -only-testing:AnyLanguageModelTests/MLXLanguageModelTests
+> ```
+
 ## License
 
 This project is available under the MIT license.
diff --git a/Sources/AnyLanguageModel/Models/MLXLanguageModel.swift b/Sources/AnyLanguageModel/Models/MLXLanguageModel.swift
index b1c7b564..379aa6a7 100644
--- a/Sources/AnyLanguageModel/Models/MLXLanguageModel.swift
+++ b/Sources/AnyLanguageModel/Models/MLXLanguageModel.swift
@@ -83,10 +83,20 @@ import Foundation
             // Map AnyLanguageModel GenerationOptions to MLX GenerateParameters
             let generateParameters = toGenerateParameters(options)
 
-            // Start with user prompt
+            // Build chat history starting with system message if instructions are present
+            var chat: [MLXLMCommon.Chat.Message] = []
+
+            // Add system message if instructions are present
+            if let instructionSegments = extractInstructionSegments(from: session) {
+                let systemMessage = convertSegmentsToMLXSystemMessage(instructionSegments)
+                chat.append(systemMessage)
+            }
+
+            // Add user prompt
             let userSegments = extractPromptSegments(from: session, fallbackText: prompt.description)
             let userMessage = convertSegmentsToMLXMessage(userSegments)
-            var chat: [MLXLMCommon.Chat.Message] = [userMessage]
+            chat.append(userMessage)
+
             var allTextChunks: [String] = []
             var allEntries: [Transcript.Entry] = []
 
@@ -211,6 +221,20 @@ import Foundation
         return [.text(.init(content: fallbackText))]
     }
 
+    private func extractInstructionSegments(from session: LanguageModelSession) -> [Transcript.Segment]? {
+        // Prefer the first Transcript.Instructions entry if present
+        for entry in session.transcript {
+            if case .instructions(let i) = entry {
+                return i.segments
+            }
+        }
+        // Fallback to session.instructions
+        if let instructions = session.instructions?.description, !instructions.isEmpty {
+            return [.text(.init(content: instructions))]
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+
     private func convertSegmentsToMLXMessage(_ segments: [Transcript.Segment]) -> MLXLMCommon.Chat.Message {
         var textParts: [String] = []
         var images: [MLXLMCommon.UserInput.Image] = []
@@ -248,6 +272,43 @@ import Foundation
         return MLXLMCommon.Chat.Message(role: .user, content: content, images: images)
     }
 
+    private func convertSegmentsToMLXSystemMessage(_ segments: [Transcript.Segment]) -> MLXLMCommon.Chat.Message {
+        var textParts: [String] = []
+        var images: [MLXLMCommon.UserInput.Image] = []
+
+        for segment in segments {
+            switch segment {
+            case .text(let text):
+                textParts.append(text.content)
+            case .structure(let structured):
+                textParts.append(structured.content.jsonString)
+            case .image(let imageSegment):
+                switch imageSegment.source {
+                case .url(let url):
+                    images.append(.url(url))
+                case .data(let data, _):
+                    #if canImport(UIKit)
+                        if let uiImage = UIKit.UIImage(data: data),
+                            let ciImage = CIImage(image: uiImage)
+                        {
+                            images.append(.ciImage(ciImage))
+                        }
+                    #elseif canImport(AppKit)
+                        if let nsImage = AppKit.NSImage(data: data),
+                            let cgImage = nsImage.cgImage(forProposedRect: nil, context: nil, hints: nil)
+                        {
+                            let ciImage = CIImage(cgImage: cgImage)
+                            images.append(.ciImage(ciImage))
+                        }
+                    #endif
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let content = textParts.joined(separator: "\n")
+        return MLXLMCommon.Chat.Message(role: .system, content: content, images: images)
+    }
+
     // MARK: - Tool Conversion
 
     private func convertToolToMLXSpec(_ tool: any Tool) -> ToolSpec {