diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index 9335537d..d10949a9 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -5,46 +5,32 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
-
-  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 2
     groups:
-      rust-minor:
-        update-types: ["minor", "patch"]
-
-  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
-    directory: "/adapters"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-
-  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
-    directory: "/cli"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-
-  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
-    directory: "/data"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
 
   - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
-    directory: "/fixer"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-
-  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
-    directory: "/integration"
+    directories:
+      - "/"
+      - "/adapters"
+      - "/cli"
+      - "/data"
+      - "/fixer"
+      - "/integration"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 3
+    groups:
+      shared-rust-dependencies:
+        group-by: dependency-name
 
   - package-ecosystem: "mix"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 3
     groups:
       elixir-minor:
         update-types: ["minor", "patch"]
-
diff --git a/lib/rules/supply_chain.ex b/lib/rules/supply_chain.ex
index b6c1dcc2..b112150a 100644
--- a/lib/rules/supply_chain.ex
+++ b/lib/rules/supply_chain.ex
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ defmodule Hypatia.Rules.SupplyChain do
   Supply-chain integrity rules drawn from OSSF Scorecard, SLSA, OWASP
   Top-10 CI/CD, and GitHub Actions hardening guide.
 
-  Rule IDs SC001-SC011.
+  Rule IDs SC001-SC012.
 
   These rules concern the **provenance and integrity** of code, actions,
   and release artifacts — distinct from `WorkflowHardening` (content
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ defmodule Hypatia.Rules.SupplyChain do
   | SC009 | scorecard `Security-Policy` | `SECURITY.md` missing |
   | SC010 | scorecard `Webhooks` | Repo webhooks configured without a secret |
   | SC011 | scorecard `Signed-Releases` + Endor `R-END-02` | Release workflow doesn't emit signed artifacts / provenance attestation |
+  | SC012 | GitHub Dependabot limits + estate incident 2026-07-19 | Duplicate ecosystem blocks multiply the open-PR limit; multi-directory updates are not grouped |
 
   Module-level conventions match `WorkflowHardening`: pure-local for
   the file-presence rules, GitHub-API for the org/repo-state rules.
@@ -584,6 +585,107 @@ defmodule Hypatia.Rules.SupplyChain do
     end)
   end
 
+  # ─── SC012: Dependabot update fan-out ───────────────────────────────
+
+  @doc """
+  SC012: A Dependabot configuration can multiply its open version-update
+  capacity by repeating the same package ecosystem in separate update blocks.
+  Dependabot's default limit is five *per update block*, so eleven Cargo
+  directories expressed as eleven blocks permit 55 simultaneous PRs.
+
+  It also reports a single ecosystem queue above five PRs, a repository-wide
+  configured capacity above twelve PRs, and multi-directory configurations that omit
+  `groups.<name>.group-by: dependency-name`, because a shared dependency then
+  produces one PR per directory rather than one cross-directory PR.
+
+  This is a static cost-amplification check. It does not inspect or restrict
+  Dependabot security updates, which GitHub manages under a separate limit.
+  """
+  def sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout(repo_path) do
+    case locate_dependabot(repo_path) do
+      nil ->
+        []
+
+      path ->
+        content = File.read!(path)
+        rel = Path.relative_to(path, repo_path)
+
+        update_blocks = dependabot_update_blocks(content)
+
+        ecosystem_findings =
+          update_blocks
+          |> Enum.group_by(& &1.ecosystem)
+          |> Enum.flat_map(fn {ecosystem, blocks} ->
+            projected = Enum.sum(Enum.map(blocks, & &1.limit))
+            directories = Enum.sum(Enum.map(blocks, & &1.directory_count))
+            ungrouped_multidir? =
+              directories > 1 and not Enum.any?(blocks, & &1.group_by_dependency)
+
+            if projected > 5 or ungrouped_multidir? do
+              severity = if projected > 10, do: :high, else: :warn
+
+              [
+                %{
+                  rule: "SC012",
+                  file: rel,
+                  severity: severity,
+                  reason:
+                    "Dependabot `#{ecosystem}` configuration can fan out to " <>
+                      "#{projected} simultaneous version-update PRs across " <>
+                      "#{directories} director#{if directories == 1, do: "y", else: "ies"}",
+                  action: :report,
+                  detail: %{
+                    ecosystem: ecosystem,
+                    update_blocks: length(blocks),
+                    directories: directories,
+                    projected_open_prs: projected,
+                    grouped_by_dependency: Enum.any?(blocks, & &1.group_by_dependency),
+                    fix:
+                      "Consolidate same-ecosystem paths into one `directories:` block, " <>
+                        "set a small `open-pull-requests-limit`, and add " <>
+                        "`groups.<name>.group-by: dependency-name`."
+                  }
+                }
+              ]
+            else
+              []
+            end
+          end)
+
+        total_projected = Enum.sum(Enum.map(update_blocks, & &1.limit))
+
+        repository_findings =
+          if total_projected > 12 and ecosystem_findings == [] do
+            [
+              %{
+                rule: "SC012",
+                file: rel,
+                severity: if(total_projected > 20, do: :high, else: :warn),
+                reason:
+                  "Dependabot configuration admits up to #{total_projected} " <>
+                    "simultaneous version-update PRs across #{length(update_blocks)} ecosystems",
+                action: :report,
+                detail: %{
+                  ecosystem: "all",
+                  update_blocks: length(update_blocks),
+                  directories: Enum.sum(Enum.map(update_blocks, & &1.directory_count)),
+                  projected_open_prs: total_projected,
+                  grouped_by_dependency: false,
+                  fix:
+                    "Remove update entries for unused ecosystems, cap package ecosystems " <>
+                      "at three and GitHub Actions at two, and keep the repository-wide " <>
+                      "version-PR capacity at twelve or less."
+                }
+              }
+            ]
+          else
+            []
+          end
+
+        ecosystem_findings ++ repository_findings
+    end
+  end
+
   # ─── Scan facade ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
   @doc """
@@ -617,6 +719,7 @@ defmodule Hypatia.Rules.SupplyChain do
         sc008_static_secret_publish(repo_path) ++
         sc009_security_md_missing(repo_path) ++
         sc011_release_without_signing(repo_path) ++
+        sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout(repo_path) ++
         api_findings
 
     %{
@@ -645,6 +748,52 @@ defmodule Hypatia.Rules.SupplyChain do
     end
   end
 
+  defp locate_dependabot(repo_path) do
+    ["dependabot.yml", "dependabot.yaml"]
+    |> Enum.map(&Path.join([repo_path, ".github", &1]))
+    |> Enum.find(&File.regular?/1)
+  end
+
+  # Dependabot's file has a deliberately small top-level grammar. Splitting on
+  # update-entry headers avoids introducing a general YAML parser (and its
+  # boolean-key ambiguities) into the scanner while retaining the values SC012
+  # needs. Nested list items never contain `package-ecosystem`, so they cannot
+  # be mistaken for update blocks.
+  defp dependabot_update_blocks(content) do
+    Regex.scan(
+      ~r/(?ms)^\s{2}-\s+package-ecosystem:\s*["']?([^"'\s]+)["']?\s*$\n(.*?)(?=^\s{2}-\s+package-ecosystem:|\z)/,
+      content,
+      capture: :all_but_first
+    )
+    |> Enum.map(fn [ecosystem, body] ->
+      explicit_limit =
+        case Regex.run(~r/^\s+open-pull-requests-limit:\s*(\d+)\s*$/m, body,
+               capture: :all_but_first
+             ) do
+          [limit] -> String.to_integer(limit)
+          _ -> 5
+        end
+
+      singular_directories = length(Regex.scan(~r/^\s+directory:\s*[^#\n]+/m, body))
+
+      plural_directories =
+        case Regex.run(~r/(?ms)^\s+directories:\s*$\n(.*?)(?=^\s{4}\S|\z)/, body,
+               capture: :all_but_first
+             ) do
+          [directory_body] -> length(Regex.scan(~r/^\s+-\s+["']?\//m, directory_body))
+          _ -> 0
+        end
+
+      %{
+        ecosystem: ecosystem,
+        limit: explicit_limit,
+        directory_count: max(singular_directories + plural_directories, 1),
+        group_by_dependency:
+          Regex.match?(~r/^\s+group-by:\s*["']?dependency-name["']?\s*$/m, body)
+      }
+    end)
+  end
+
   defp locate_codeowners(repo_path) do
     ["CODEOWNERS", ".github/CODEOWNERS", "docs/CODEOWNERS"]
     |> Enum.map(&Path.join(repo_path, &1))
diff --git a/scripts/fix-scripts/fix-dependabot.sh b/scripts/fix-scripts/fix-dependabot.sh
index 8a64b389..75b5ff0e 100755
--- a/scripts/fix-scripts/fix-dependabot.sh
+++ b/scripts/fix-scripts/fix-dependabot.sh
@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@ ecosystems=()
 [[ -f "${REPO}/Cargo.toml" ]] && ecosystems+=("cargo")
 [[ -f "${REPO}/mix.exs" ]] && ecosystems+=("mix")
 [[ -f "${REPO}/deno.json" || -f "${REPO}/deno.jsonc" ]] && ecosystems+=("npm")
-[[ -f "${REPO}/gleam.toml" ]] && ecosystems+=("hex")
-[[ -f "${REPO}/build.zig" ]] && ecosystems+=("zig")  # No dependabot support yet, skip
+# Dependabot has no native Gleam package ecosystem. Do not emit the invalid
+# `hex` ecosystem for gleam.toml; those updates need a separate Gleam-aware tool.
+# Dependabot also has no native Zig ecosystem, so build.zig is intentionally
+# ignored here rather than counted as an ecosystem with no generated block.
 [[ -d "${REPO}/.github/workflows" ]] && ecosystems+=("github-actions")
 
 cat > "$TARGET" <<'YAML'
@@ -41,7 +43,10 @@ for eco in "${ecosystems[@]}"; do
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 5
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 3
+    groups:
+      dependency-updates:
+        patterns: ["*"]
 YAML
       ;;
     mix)
@@ -50,7 +55,10 @@ YAML
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 5
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 3
+    groups:
+      dependency-updates:
+        patterns: ["*"]
 YAML
       ;;
     npm)
@@ -59,16 +67,10 @@ YAML
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 5
-YAML
-      ;;
-    hex)
-      cat >> "$TARGET" <<'YAML'
-  - package-ecosystem: "hex"
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 5
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 3
+    groups:
+      dependency-updates:
+        patterns: ["*"]
 YAML
       ;;
     github-actions)
@@ -77,7 +79,10 @@ YAML
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 2
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns: ["*"]
 YAML
       ;;
   esac
@@ -90,7 +95,10 @@ if [[ ${#ecosystems[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 2
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns: ["*"]
 YAML
 fi
 
diff --git a/test/supply_chain_test.exs b/test/supply_chain_test.exs
index 76162455..80b2ef6f 100644
--- a/test/supply_chain_test.exs
+++ b/test/supply_chain_test.exs
@@ -178,6 +178,126 @@ defmodule Hypatia.Rules.SupplyChainTest do
     end
   end
 
+  # ─── SC012 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+  describe "sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout/1" do
+    test "flags repeated ecosystem blocks and reports projected capacity", %{repo: repo} do
+      File.mkdir_p!(Path.join(repo, ".github"))
+
+      blocks =
+        1..11
+        |> Enum.map_join("\n", fn n ->
+          """
+            - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
+              directory: "/bot-#{n}"
+              schedule:
+                interval: weekly
+          """
+        end)
+
+      File.write!(
+        Path.join([repo, ".github", "dependabot.yml"]),
+        "version: 2\nupdates:\n#{blocks}"
+      )
+
+      assert [finding] = SupplyChain.sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout(repo)
+      assert finding.rule == "SC012"
+      assert finding.severity == :high
+      assert finding.detail.update_blocks == 11
+      assert finding.detail.directories == 11
+      assert finding.detail.projected_open_prs == 55
+    end
+
+    test "passes grouped multi-directory configuration with one global limit", %{repo: repo} do
+      File.mkdir_p!(Path.join(repo, ".github"))
+
+      File.write!(Path.join([repo, ".github", "dependabot.yaml"]), """
+      version: 2
+      updates:
+        - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
+          directories:
+            - "/bot-a"
+            - "/bot-b"
+            - "/bot-c"
+          schedule:
+            interval: weekly
+          open-pull-requests-limit: 3
+          groups:
+            monorepo-dependencies:
+              group-by: dependency-name
+      """)
+
+      assert SupplyChain.sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout(repo) == []
+    end
+
+    test "flags ungrouped multi-directory configuration", %{repo: repo} do
+      File.mkdir_p!(Path.join(repo, ".github"))
+
+      File.write!(Path.join([repo, ".github", "dependabot.yml"]), """
+      version: 2
+      updates:
+        - package-ecosystem: cargo
+          directories:
+            - /one
+            - /two
+          schedule:
+            interval: weekly
+          open-pull-requests-limit: 3
+      """)
+
+      assert [finding] = SupplyChain.sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout(repo)
+      assert finding.severity == :warn
+      assert finding.detail.projected_open_prs == 3
+      refute finding.detail.grouped_by_dependency
+    end
+
+    test "flags one ecosystem with an excessive explicit limit", %{repo: repo} do
+      File.mkdir_p!(Path.join(repo, ".github"))
+
+      File.write!(Path.join([repo, ".github", "dependabot.yml"]), """
+      version: 2
+      updates:
+        - package-ecosystem: bundler
+          directory: /
+          schedule:
+            interval: weekly
+          open-pull-requests-limit: 99
+      """)
+
+      assert [finding] = SupplyChain.sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout(repo)
+      assert finding.severity == :high
+      assert finding.detail.ecosystem == "bundler"
+      assert finding.detail.projected_open_prs == 99
+    end
+
+    test "flags excessive repository-wide capacity across distinct ecosystems", %{repo: repo} do
+      File.mkdir_p!(Path.join(repo, ".github"))
+
+      blocks =
+        ~w(cargo npm pip mix)
+        |> Enum.map_join("\n", fn ecosystem ->
+          """
+            - package-ecosystem: #{ecosystem}
+              directory: /
+              schedule:
+                interval: weekly
+              open-pull-requests-limit: 5
+          """
+        end)
+
+      File.write!(
+        Path.join([repo, ".github", "dependabot.yml"]),
+        "version: 2\nupdates:\n#{blocks}"
+      )
+
+      assert [finding] = SupplyChain.sc012_dependabot_pr_fanout(repo)
+      assert finding.severity == :warn
+      assert finding.detail.ecosystem == "all"
+      assert finding.detail.update_blocks == 4
+      assert finding.detail.projected_open_prs == 20
+    end
+  end
+
   # ─── SC003 / SC007 / SC010 (token-gated) ────────────────────────────
 
   describe "API-backed rules with no token" do