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in_05_nzsc_toplevel.qmd
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# The New Zealand Soil Classification
Classifying a profile according to the NZSC [@hewitt2024] requires the following steps:
- Identify diagnostic features
- Follow the Key to Soil Orders
- Follow the Keys to Group and Subgroup
## Identifying Diagnostic features
The descriptive parameters that help define the NZSC Diagnostic features are outlined in @tbl-nzsc-diags; see [@hewitt2024] for the full definitions. Any or all of the listed parameters may be required for a confident diagnosis.
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Diagnostic feature | Identification requirements |
+:================================+:===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| **Horizons, pans and layers** | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Argillic horizon | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Horizon boundary distinctness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-bdydist) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) (relative to overlying horizon) |
| | - [Coatings](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-coat) *or* lamellae |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brittle-B horizon | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Roots](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-root) |
| | - Consistence: [Mode of failure](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-fail) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Calcareous horizon | - Calcium carbonate [concentrations](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-conc) and/or [coatings](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-coat) |
| | - Field test: [Calcium carbonate](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-ca) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cutanic horizon | - [Coatings](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-coat) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cutanoxidic horizon | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - Consistence: [Mode of failure](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-fail), [stickiness](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-sti), [plasticity](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-pla) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Densipan | - Consistence: [Unconfined strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stru), [penetration resistance](hr_05_physical_properties.html#penetration-resistance) |
| | - Field test: [Slaking](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-slak) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Distinct topsoil | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) (relative to deeper horizon) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Duripan | - [Pans](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-pan) |
| | - Field test: [Reaction to HCl](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-ca), [slaking](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-slak) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Eluvial horizon | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Fragipan | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Roots](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-root) |
| | - Consistence: [Mode of failure](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-fail), [unconfined strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stru), [penetration resistance](hr_05_physical_properties.html#penetration-resistance) |
| | - Field test: [Slaking](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-slak) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Humus-pan | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Pans](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-pan) |
| | - Consistence: [Mode of failure](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-fail), [unconfined strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stru), [penetration resistance](hr_05_physical_properties.html#penetration-resistance) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ironstone-pan | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Horizon boundary distinctness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-bdydist) (upper) |
| | - [Pans](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-pan) |
| | - Consistence: [Induration](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-ind) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nodular horizon | - [Concentrations](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-conc) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ortstein-pan | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Horizon boundary distinctness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-bdydist) (upper) |
| | - [Pans](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-pan) |
| | - Consistence: [Unconfined strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stru), [penetration resistance](hr_05_physical_properties.html#penetration-resistance) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Oxidic Horizon | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - Consistence: [Unconfined strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stru), [ped strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stra), [mode of failure](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-fail) [stickiness](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-sti), [plasticity](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-pla) |
| | - Field test: [NaF](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-naf), [slaking](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-slak) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peaty topsoil | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Placic horizon | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Horizon boundary distinctness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-bdydist) (upper and lower) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - Consistence: [Induration](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-ind) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Podzolic-B horizon | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Coatings](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-coat) and [concentrations](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-conc) |
| | - Consistence: [Unconfined strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stru) |
| | - Field test: [NaF](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-naf) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Redox-mottled horizon | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Colour patterns](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-patt) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Reductimorphic horizon | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Colour patterns](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-patt) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Slowly permeable layer | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - Consistence: [Penetration resistance](hr_05_physical_properties.html#penetration-resistance) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Weathered-B horizon | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) (relative to deeper layers) |
| | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) (relative to deeper layers) |
| | - Evidence of carbonate loss (relative to deeper layers) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Soil materials and contacts** | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allophanic soil material | - Field test: [NaF](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-naf) |
| | - Consistence: [Unconfined strength](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-stru), [sensitivity](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-sens), [stickiness](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-sti) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Anthropic soil material | - [Artefacts](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-artef) and/or [plastics](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-plas) |
| | - [Recent site disturbances](pr_00_intro.html#sec-pr-dist) |
| | - [Landform](ss_03_landscape.html#sec-gmph-lfm) (Human-induced) |
| | - [Colour patterns](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-patt) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lithic contact | - Substrate rock presence |
| | - Horizon degree of weathering |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Organic soil material | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - Consistence: [Mode of failure](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-fail) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Paralithic contact | - Substrate rock presence |
| | - Horizon degree of weathering |
| | - [Roots](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-root) |
| | - [Colour patterns](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-patt) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Saline soil material | - Field test: [Electrical conductivity](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-ec) |
| | - [Concentrations](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-conc) and/or [coatings](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-coat) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Tephric soil material | - [Lithology](ss_04_parent_material.html#sec-pm-lith) |
| | - [Mineralogy](ss_04_parent_material.html#mineralogy) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Vitric soil material | - [Rock fragments](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-rockfrag) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - [Lithology](ss_04_parent_material.html#sec-pm-lith) |
| | - [Parent material origin](hr_00_intro.html#parent-material-origin) |
| | - [Mineralogy](ss_04_parent_material.html#mineralogy) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Profile forms** | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Gley profile form | - [Horizon depths](pr_02_layers.html#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Colour patterns](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-patt) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Mottled profile form | - [Horizon depths](pr_02_layers.html#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Colour patterns](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-patt) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Features** | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Fluvial features | - [Horizon thickness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-depths) |
| | - [Horizon boundary distinctness](pr_02_layers.qmd#sec-pr-bdydist) |
| | - [Rock fragments](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-rockfrag) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - Consistence: [Fluidity](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-flu) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Perch-gley features | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Colour patterns](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-patt) |
| | - [Concentrations](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-conc) and/or [coatings](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-coat) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Sodic features | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - Field test: [Dispersion](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-slak) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Other differentiae** | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Crumb structure | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Reactive-aluminium test | - Field test: [NaF](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-naf) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Redox segregations | - [Concentrations](hr_04_secondary_features.html#sec-hr-conc) |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
: Description requirements for NZSC Diagnostic Features [@hewitt2024] {#tbl-nzsc-diags .striped .hover tbl-colwidths="\[40, 60\]"}
## Following the Key to Orders
In addition to the diagnostics above, successful navigation of the Key may require documentation of the following:
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Order | Requirement |
+:=================+:===============================================================================================================================+
| Anthropic Soils | Evidence of profile truncation (compare site with surrounding landform(s)) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Organic Soils | |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Gley Soils | - [Buried horizons](in_01_horizon_names.html#sec-hzn-bur) |
| | - Consistence: [Fluidity](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-flu) |
| | - Field test: [Reducing conditions](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-rdx) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ultic Soils | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - [Clay content](https://manaakiwhenua.github.io/NZ_soildesc_2024/hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-pse) (relative to silt) |
| | - Field test: [pH](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-phf) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Podzols | Field test: [pH](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-phf) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allophanic Soils | |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pumice Soils | |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Melanic Soils | - [Lithology](ss_04_parent_material.html#sec-pm-lith) |
| | - [Surface cracking](pr_01_surface.html#sec-pr-crack) |
| | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Rock fragments](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-rockfrag) |
| | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - Degree of weathering |
| | - Consistence: [Stickiness](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-sti) |
| | - Field test: [Calcium carbonate](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-ca), [pH](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-phf) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Semiarid Soils | Field test: [Calcium carbonate](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-ca), [pH](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-phf) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Oxidic Soils | |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Granular Soils | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - [Rock fragments](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-rockfrag) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
| | - Degree of weathering |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pallic Soils | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - Field test: [Dispersion](hr_06_chemical_properties.html#sec-ft-slak) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brown Soils | - [Matrix colour](hr_02_colour.html#sec-col-matrix) |
| | - [Texture](hr_03_texture.html#sec-tex-rec) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Recent Soils | - [Structure](hr_01_architecture.html#sec-hr-stru) |
| | - Consistence: [Fluidity](hr_05_physical_properties.html#sec-cn-flu) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Raw Soils | |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
: Additional description requirements for NZSC Key to Orders [@hewitt2024] {#tbl-nzsc-key .striped .hover tbl-colwidths="\[40, 60\]"}