Rollup merge of rust-lang#90538 - camelid:doc-recur-ty, r=estebank

Document how recursion is handled for `ty::Ty`

Based on this forum discussion:
https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/recursive-type-representation-in-rustc/15235/4

cc `@estebank`

Author: matthiaskrgr

compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/adt.rs

@@ -64,6 +64,28 @@ bitflags! {
 /// Moreover, Rust only allows recursive data types through indirection.
 ///
 /// [adt]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_data_type
+///
+/// # Recursive types
+///
+/// It may seem impossible to represent recursive types using [`Ty`],
+/// since [`TyKind::Adt`] includes [`AdtDef`], which includes its fields,
+/// creating a cycle. However, `AdtDef` does not actually include the *types*
+/// of its fields; it includes just their [`DefId`]s.
+///
+/// For example, the following type:
+///
+/// ```
+/// struct S { x: Box<S> }
+/// ```
+///
+/// is essentially represented with [`Ty`] as the following pseudocode:
+///
+/// ```
+/// struct S { x }
+/// ```
+///
+/// where `x` here represents the `DefId` of `S.x`. Then, the `DefId`
+/// can be used with [`TyCtxt::type_of()`] to get the type of the field.
 pub struct AdtDef {
     /// The `DefId` of the struct, enum or union item.
     pub did: DefId,

compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs

@@ -1735,7 +1735,7 @@ impl ReprOptions {
 
 impl<'tcx> FieldDef {
     /// Returns the type of this field. The resulting type is not normalized. The `subst` is
-    /// typically obtained via the second field of `TyKind::AdtDef`.
+    /// typically obtained via the second field of [`TyKind::Adt`].
     pub fn ty(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, subst: SubstsRef<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
         tcx.type_of(self.did).subst(tcx, subst)
     }