minor edits

Author: Amy Roberts

chapter1.tex

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ \subsection{Neutrino Oscillation}
 \begin{split}
 P(\alpha\rightarrow\beta) &=  |\langle\psi_{\beta}|\hat{T}|\psi_{\alpha}\rangle|^2 \\
                              &=  |\langle\psi_{\beta}|e^{i\hat{H}t / \hbar}|\psi_{\alpha}\rangle|^2 \\
-                             &=  U_{{\alpha}1}U_{{\alpha}2}U_{{\beta}1}U_{{\beta}2} \times \frac{\cos(E_1 - E_2)t/\hbar)}{2} 
+                             &=  U_{{\alpha}1}U_{{\alpha}2}U_{{\beta}1}U_{{\beta}2} \times \frac{\cos((E_1 - E_2)t/\hbar)}{2} 
 \end{split}
 \end{align}
 This calculation, while not exactly analogous to neutrino mixing, illustrates that the modulation of the probability of detecting a different flavor state depends on the energy difference.  In the case of the neutrino, the energy eigenstates are its mass eigenstates, and $E_i - E_j \propto m_i^2 - m_j^2$ \citep{neutrinoPhase}.  Neutrino oscillation experiments are therefore sensitive to the differences between neutrino masses but not to the absolute mass scale.  Other types of experiments constrain the absolute mass scale to less than $\sim$2~eV.  Cosmological limits are sensitive to $m_1+m_2+m_3$ and constrain this quantity to be less than $0.3-1.3$~eV at the 95\% confidence level \citep{cosmoNuMassLimit}.  Experiments designed to measure the endpoint of beta decay are sensitive to the quantity $\sqrt{|U_{e1}|^2m_1^2 + |U_{e2}|^2m_2^2 + |U_{e3}|^2m_3^2}$ currently limit this value to less than 2.05~eV \citep{tritiumEndpoint}. 

chapter4.tex

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ \section{Paddle Design}
 cable design - hosing for protection
 \end{comment}
 
-The main components of a veto paddle are the scintillator, which generates light in response to energy deposition, the WLS, which collects the light, the endpiece that is epoxied onto the scintillator, which fixes the position of the WLS exiting the scintillator, and the optical cable, which connects to the WLS and carries the signal to the PMT.  Each piece is discussed in this section.  The epoxy used is an optical epoxy; its preparation and properties are discussed in {\app}~\ref{app:vetoDetails}.
+The main components of a veto paddle are the scintillator, which generates light in response to energy deposition, the WLS, which collects the light, the endpiece that is epoxied onto the scintillator, which fixes the position of the WLS exiting the scintillator, and the optical cable, which connects to the WLS and carries the signal to the PMT.  Each piece is discussed in this section.  The epoxy used is an optical epoxy and is placed in vacuum after mixing to eliminate bubbles.
 
 The scintillator material itself has a thickness of 1~cm, five times thinner than the bars of the neutron detector.  Material of this thickness is desirable in order to minimize interaction of the neutrons with the veto paddles, but is thick enough to efficiently detect muons.  The material is 17~cm wide and was cut to a length of 160~cm, making the veto paddle slightly wider and taller than a neutron detector bar.  The scintillator had been stored in a warehouse with no temperature control for several years and was under mechanical strain during its storage.  While some of the material readily responded to ultraviolet light and had a smooth, uncrazed surface, other material was badly damaged.  Surface damage such as crazing was common, but some pieces had developed internal cracks, creating mirror-like surfaces within the scintillator.  It was expected that the damaged bars would have poor efficiency, but instead they were found to function as well as paddles made of pristine material.  The tests on efficiency are discussed later, in {\sect}~\ref{sec:singleVeto}.
 

conclude.tex

@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ \chapter{CONCLUSION}
 \end{comment}
 An observation of \zvbb would confirm that neutrinos are Majorana fermions and also allow the calculation of the neutrino mass scale.  However, determining the mass scale from the \zvbb lifetime requires knowing \NME, calculations of which can vary by as much as a factor of 5.  Single-nucleon transfer experiments can give information on valence shell occupancies and vacancies and have already helped reduce the spread in the \NME for \Ge{76}.  However, the \zvbb process would occur primarily on highly-correlated neutron pairs, and single-nucleon transfer is not sensitive to pairing in the nucleus.  Two-nucleon transfer experiments can give information on ground-state nucleon pairing, which is particularly important to QRPA, one of the leading methods in \NME calculations.
 
-Two-nucleon transfer experiments have been completed or nearly so for several candidate nuclei.  The $^{130}$Te candidate is an intersting case because both two-neutron transfer on $^{130}$Te and two-proton transfer onto $^{128}$Te have been studied \cite{neutronPairsTellurium,protonPairsTellurium}.  While no excited \zp states were populated in the neutron-pair transfer, the proton-pair transfer populated an excited \zp state with 30\% the strength of the ground state.  This suggests that the proton-pairing strength is split between the ground state and at least one excited \zp state.   The work that has been done on \Ge{76} has shown that the neutron-pairing strength is concentrated in the ground state \cite{neutronPairsGermanium}, but this offers no constraint on the proton-pairing in \Se{76}.  Investigating the proton-pairing in \Se{76} and, as a check, \Se{78} is the work of this thesis.  The reaction \reaction was used to look for excited \zp strength.  No excited \zp states were observed in either nucleus, and limits on such states were determined to be 4-8\% of the ground-state cross section for \GeReaction{74}{76} and 8-20\% of the ground-state cross section for \GeReaction{76}{78}.  
+Two-nucleon transfer experiments have been completed or nearly so for several candidate nuclei.  The $^{130}$Te candidate is an interesting case because both two-proton transfer on $^{128}$Te and two-neutron transfer onto $^{130}$Te have been studied \cite{protonPairsTellurium,neutronPairsTellurium}.  While no excited \zp states were populated in the neutron-pair transfer, the proton-pair transfer populated an excited \zp state with 30\% the strength of the ground state.  This suggests that the proton-pairing strength is split between the ground state and at least one excited \zp state.   The work that has been done on \Ge{76} has shown that the neutron-pairing strength is concentrated in the ground state \cite{neutronPairsGermanium}, but this offers no constraint on the proton-pairing in \Se{76}.  Investigating the proton-pairing in \Se{76} and, as a check, \Se{78} is the work of this thesis.  The reaction \reaction was used to look for excited \zp strength.  No excited \zp states were observed in either nucleus, and limits on such states were determined to be 4-8\% of the ground-state cross section for \GeReaction{74}{76} and 8-20\% of the ground-state cross section for \GeReaction{76}{78}, depending on excitation energy.  
 
-The zero-degree cross sections for both \GeTargets were determined using a DWBA fit.  It was found that the ground-state cross section for \Ge{74} is $360\pm??$~$\mu$b/sr and for \Ge{76} is ??.  While no excited states for \Ge{76} were observed, the difference in cross section prompted an investigation to determine if the decline was an expected result of kinematics or if excited \zp states had been missed in the analysis.  All DWBA calculations confirmed that the trend was consistent with the expectations of the optical model and not due to missing ground-state \zp strength. 
+The zero-degree cross sections for both \GeTargets were determined using a DWBA fit.  It was found that the ground-state cross section for \Ge{74} is $360\pm??$~$\mu$b/sr and for \Ge{76} is ??, where these errors do not include the 10\% systematic error due to uncertainty in the efficiency.  While no excited states for \Ge{76} were observed, the difference in cross section prompted an investigation to determine if the decline was an expected result of kinematics or if excited \zp states had been missed in the analysis.  All DWBA calculations confirmed that the trend was consistent with the expectations of the reaction model and not due to missing ground-state \zp strength. 
 
 
 \section{Future Work}

thesis.bib

@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ @article{deBarbaro
 }
 
 @article{Aguillion_scintTiles,
-title = "Thin scintillating tiles with high light yield for the OPAL endcaps",
+title = "Thin scintillating tiles with high light yield for the {OPAL} endcaps",
 journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",
 volume = "417",
 number = "2-3",