Auto merge of #120718 - saethlin:reasonable-fast-math, r=nnethercote

Add "algebraic" fast-math intrinsics, based on fast-math ops that cannot return poison

Setting all of LLVM's fast-math flags makes our fast-math intrinsics very dangerous, because some inputs are UB. This set of flags permits common algebraic transformations, but according to the [LangRef](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#fastmath), only the flags `nnan` (no nans) and `ninf` (no infs) can produce poison.

And this uses the algebraic float ops to fix rust-lang/rust#120720

cc `@orlp`

Author: bors