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title: Sinfully simple
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        <h1>PHP101</h1>
        <p>For the absolute beginner</p>
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      	<h2>Easy peasy</h2>
	<p>Unless you’ve been hiding in a cave for the last few years, you’ve heard about XML – it’s
	the toolkit that more and more Web publishers are switching to for content markup. You may
	even have seen an XML document in action, complete with user-defined tags and markup, and
	you might have wondered how on earth one converts that tangled mess of code into
	human-readable content.</p>
	<p>The answer is, not easily.</p>
	<p>While PHP has included support for the two standard methods of parsing (read: making sense
	of) XML – SAX and DOM – since version 4.0, the complexity and inherent geekiness of these
	methods often turned off all but the most dedicated XML developers. All that has changed,
	however, with PHP 5.0, which introduces a brand-spanking-new XML extension named SimpleXML
	that takes all (and I do mean all) the pain out of processing XML documents. Keep reading,
	and find out how.</p>

	<h2>The bad old days</h2>
	<p>In order to understand why SimpleXML is so cool, a brief history lesson is in order.</p>
	<p>In the days before SimpleXML, there were two ways of processing XML documents. The first,
	SAX or the Simple API for XML, involved traversing an XML document and calling
	specific functions as the parser encountered different types of tags. For example, you might
	have called one function to process a starting tag, another function to process an ending tag,
	and a third function to process the data between them. The second, DOM or the Document
	Object Model, involved creating a tree representation of the XML document in memory, and then
	using tree-traversal methods to navigate it. Once a particular node of the tree was reached,
	the corresponding content could be retrieved and used.</p>
	<p>Neither of these two approaches was particularly user-friendly: SAX required the developer
	to custom-craft event handlers for each type of element encountered in an XML file, while
	the DOM approach used an object-oriented paradigm which tended to throw developers off, in
	addition to being memory-intensive and thus inefficient with large XML documents. In the
	larger context also, PHP 4 used a number of different backend libraries for each of its
	different XML extensions, leading to inconsistency in the way different XML extensions
	worked and thus creating interoperability concerns (as well as a fair amount of confusion
	for developers).</p>
	<p>With PHP 5.0, a concerted effort was made to fix this problem, by adopting the libxml2
	library (<a href="http://www.xmlsoft.org">http://www.xmlsoft.org</a>)
	as the standard library for all XML extensions and by getting the various XML extensions
	to operate more consistently. The biggest change in the PHP 5 XML pantheon, though, is
	the SimpleXML extension developed by Sterling Hughes, Rob Richards and Marcus Börger,
	which attempts to make parsing XML documents significantly more user-friendly than it
	was in PHP 4.</p>
	<p>SimpleXML works by converting an XML document into an object, and then turning the
	elements within that document into object properties which can be accessed using standard
	object notation. This makes it easy to drill down to an element at any level of the XML
	hierarchy to access its content. Repeated elements at the same level of the document tree
	are represented as arrays, while custom element collections can be created using XPath
	location paths (of which, more later); these collections can then be processed using PHP’s
	standard loop constructs. Accessing element attributes is as simple as accessing the keys
	of an associative array – there’s nothing new to learn, and no special code to write.</p>
	<p>In order to use SimpleXML and PHP together, your PHP build must include support for
	SimpleXML. This support is enabled by default in both the UNIX and Windows versions of
	PHP 5. Read more about this at <a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.simplexml.php">http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.simplexml.php</a>. If you’re a PHP 4
	user, you’re out of luck – SimpleXML is only available for PHP 5.</a>

	<h2>Petting zoo</h2>
	<p>To see how SimpleXML works, consider the following XML file:</p>
	{% highlight xml %}<?xml version="1.0"?>
<pet>
	<name>Polly Parrot</name>
	<age>3</age>
	<species>parrot</species>
	<parents>
		<mother>Pia Parrot</mother>
		<father>Peter Parrot</father>
	</parents>
</pet>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Now, you need a way to get to the content enclosed between the <name>,
	&lt;age&gt;, &lt;species&gt; and &lt;parents&gt; elements. With SimpleXML, it’s a snap:</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
// set name of XML file
$file = "pet.xml";
// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
// access XML data
echo "Name: " . $xml->name . "\n";
echo "Age: " . $xml->age . "\n";
echo "Species: " . $xml->species . "\n";
echo "Parents: " . $xml->parents->mother . " and " .  $xml->parents->father . "\n";
?>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>The action begins with the simplexml_load_file() function, which accepts
	the path and name of the XML file to be parsed. The result of parsing the file is a
	PHP object, whose properties correspond to the elements under the root element. The
	character data within an element can then be accessed using standard
	object->property notation, beginning with the root element and moving
	down the hierarchical path of the document.</p>
	<p>Just as you can read, so also can you write. SimpleXML makes it easy to alter the
	contents of a particular XML element – simply assign a new value to the corresponding
	object property. Here’s an example:</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
// set name of XML file
$file = "pet.xml";
// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
// modify XML data
$xml->name = "Sammy Snail";
$xml->age = 4;
$xml->species = "snail";
$xml->parents->mother = "Sue Snail";
$xml->parents->father = "Sid Snail";
// write new data to file
file_put_contents($file, $xml->asXML());
?>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Here, the original XML file is first read in, and then the character data enclosed within
	each element is altered by assigning new values to the corresponding object property. The
	asXML() method, typically used to dump the XML tree back out to the standard
	output device, is in this instance combined with the file_put_contents()
	function to overwrite the original XML document with the new data.</p>

	<h2>Sin city</h2>
	<p>Repeated elements at the same level of the XML hierarchy are represented as array elements,
	and can be accessed using numeric indices. To see how this works, consider the following XML file:</p>
	{% highlight xml %}<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sins>
	<sin>pride</sin>
	<sin>envy</sin>
	<sin>anger</sin>
	<sin>greed</sin>
	<sin>sloth</sin>
	<sin>gluttony</sin>
	<sin>lust</sin>
</sins>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Here’s the PHP script that reads it and retrieves the data from it:</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
// set name of XML file
$file = "sins.xml";
// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
// access each <sin>
echo $xml->sin[0] . "\n";
echo $xml->sin[1] . "\n";
echo $xml->sin[2] . "\n";
echo $xml->sin[3] . "\n";
echo $xml->sin[4] . "\n";
echo $xml->sin[5] . "\n";
echo $xml->sin[6] . "\n";
?>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>If you’d prefer, you can even iterate over the collection with a foreach()
	loop, as in this next, equivalent listing:</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
// set name of XML file
$file = "sins.xml";
// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
// iterate over <sin> element collection
foreach ($xml->sin as $sin) {
	echo "$sin\n";
}
?>{% endhighlight %}
	
	<h2>The shape of things to come</h2>
	<p>SimpleXML handles element attributes as transparently as it does elements and their
	content. Attribute-value pairs are represented as members of a PHP associative array,
	and can be accessed like regular array elements. To see how this works, take a look
	at this script:</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
<?php
// create XML string
$str = <<< XML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<shapes>
	<shape type="circle" radius="2" />
	<shape type="rectangle" length="5" width="2" />
	<shape type="square" length="7" />
</shapes>
XML;

// load string
$xml = simplexml_load_string($str) or die ("Unable to load XML string!");
// for each shape
// calculate area
foreach ($xml->shape as $shape) {
	if ($shape['type'] == "circle") {
		$area = pi() * $shape['radius'] * $shape['radius'];
	} else if ($shape['type'] == "rectangle") {
		$area = $shape['length'] * $shape['width'];
	} elseif ($shape['type'] == "square") {
		$area = $shape['length'] * $shape['length'];
	}
	echo $area."\n";
}
?>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Unlike previous examples, which used an external XML file, this one creates the XML
	dynamically and loads it into SimpleXML with the simplexml_load_string()
	method. The XML is then parsed with a foreach() loop, and the area for
	each shape calculated on the basis of the value of each <shape>
	element’s type attribute. The listing above demonstrates how attribute values can
	be accessed as keys of the attribute array associated with each element property.</p>

	<h2>X marks the spot</h2>
	<p>SimpleXML also supports custom element collections, through XPath location paths. For
	those of you new to XML, XPath is a standard addressing mechanism for an XML
	document, allowing developers to access collections of elements, attributes or text
	nodes within a document. Read more about XPath at 
	<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath.html">http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath.html</a> and
	<a href="http://www.melonfire.com/community/columns/trog/article.php?id=83">http://www.melonfire.com/community/columns/trog/article.php?id=83</a>.</p>
	<p>To see how this works, consider the following XML document:</p>
	{% highlight xml %}<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ingredients>
	<item>
		<desc>Boneless chicken breasts</desc>
		<quantity>2</quantity>
	</item>
	<item>
		<desc>Chopped onions</desc>
		<quantity>2</quantity>
	</item>
	<item>
		<desc>Ginger</desc>
		<quantity>1</quantity>
	</item>
	<item>
		<desc>Garlic</desc>
		<quantity>1</quantity>
	</item>
	<item>
		<desc>Red chili powder</desc>
		<quantity>1</quantity>
	</item>
	<item>
		<desc>Coriander seeds</desc>
		<quantity>1</quantity>
	</item>
	<item>
		<desc>Lime juice</desc>
		<quantity>2</quantity>
	</item>
</ingredients>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Now, let’s suppose you want to print all the <desc> elements. You
	could do it by iterating over the array of <item> elements, as
	discussed earlier…or you could just create a custom collection of only the
	<desc> elements with the xpath() method, and
	iterate over that instead:</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
// set name of XML file
$file = "ingredients.xml";
// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
// get all the <desc> elements and print
foreach ($xml->xpath('//desc') as $desc) {
	echo "$desc\n";
}
?>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Using XPath, you can get even fancier than this – for example, by creating a collection
	of only those <desc> elements whose corresponding quantities are two or more.</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
// set name of XML file
$file = "ingredients.xml";
// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
// get all the <desc> elements and print
foreach ($xml->xpath('//item[quantity > 1]/desc') as $desc) {
	echo "$desc\n";
}
?>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Without XPath, accomplishing this would be far more complicated than the five lines of code
	above…try it for yourself and see!</p>

	<h2>An evening at the Moulin Rouge</h2>
	<p>Now that you’ve seen what XPath can do, let’s wrap this up with an example of how you
	might actually use it. Let’s suppose you have a bunch of movie reviews marked up in XML,
	like this:</p>
	{% highlight xml %}<?xml version="1.0"?>
<review id="57" category="2">
	<title>Moulin Rouge</title>
	<teaser>
		Baz Luhrmann's over-the-top vision of Paris at the turn of the century is witty, sexy...and completely unforgettable
	</teaser>
	<cast>
		<person>Nicole Kidman</person>
		<person>Ewan McGregor</person>
		<person>John Leguizamo</person>
		<person>Jim Broadbent</person>
		<person>Richard Roxburgh</person>
	</cast>
	<director>Baz Luhrmann</director>
	<duration>120</duration>
	<genre>Romance/Comedy</genre>
	<year>2001</year>
	<body>
		A stylishly spectacular extravaganza, Moulin Rouge is hard to
		categorize; it is, at different times, a love story, a costume drama,
		a musical, and a comedy. Director Baz Luhrmann (well-known for the
		very hip William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet) has taken some simple
		themes - love, jealousy and obsession - and done something completely
		new and different with them by setting them to music.
	</body>
	<rating>5</rating>
</review>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Now, you want to display this review on your Web site. So, you need a PHP script to
	extract the data from this file and place it in the appropriate locations in an HTML
	template. With everything you’ve learned so far, this is a snap…as the code below
	illustrates:</p>
	{% highlight php %}<?php
// set name of XML file
// normally this would come through GET
// it's hard-wired here for simplicity
$file = "57.xml";
// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
?>
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<!-- title and year -->
<h1><?php echo $xml->title; ?> (<?php echo $xml->year; ?>)</h1>
<!-- slug -->
<h3><?php echo $xml->teaser; ?></h3>
<!-- review body -->
<?php echo $xml->body; ?>
<!-- director, cast, duration and rating -->
<p align="right"/>
Director: <b><?php echo $xml->director; ?></b>
Duration: <b><?php echo $xml->duration; ?> min</b>
Cast: <b><?php foreach ($xml->cast->person as $person) { echo "$person "; } ?></b>
Rating: <b><?php echo $xml->rating; ?></b>
</body>
</html>{% endhighlight %}
	<p>Pretty simple, huh?</p>
	<p>That’s about all for the moment. In <a href="part12.html">Part Twelve</a> of PHP 101, I’ll be telling you all
	about the new exception handling model in PHP 5, showing you how you can use it to
	catch your scripts before they crash and burn. See you there!</p>


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