torchvision_functional_tensor.py

import warnings
from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union

import torch
from torch import Tensor
from torch.nn.functional import conv2d, grid_sample, interpolate, pad as torch_pad


def _is_tensor_a_torch_image(x: Tensor) -> bool:
    return x.ndim >= 2


def _assert_image_tensor(img: Tensor) -> None:
    if not _is_tensor_a_torch_image(img):
        raise TypeError("Tensor is not a torch image.")


def get_dimensions(img: Tensor) -> List[int]:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)
    channels = 1 if img.ndim == 2 else img.shape[-3]
    height, width = img.shape[-2:]
    return [channels, height, width]


def get_image_size(img: Tensor) -> List[int]:
    # Returns (w, h) of tensor image
    _assert_image_tensor(img)
    return [img.shape[-1], img.shape[-2]]


def get_image_num_channels(img: Tensor) -> int:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)
    if img.ndim == 2:
        return 1
    elif img.ndim > 2:
        return img.shape[-3]

    raise TypeError(f"Input ndim should be 2 or more. Got {img.ndim}")


def _max_value(dtype: torch.dtype) -> int:
    if dtype == torch.uint8:
        return 255
    elif dtype == torch.int8:
        return 127
    elif dtype == torch.int16:
        return 32767
    elif dtype == torch.int32:
        return 2147483647
    elif dtype == torch.int64:
        return 9223372036854775807
    else:
        # This is only here for completeness. This value is implicitly assumed in a lot of places so changing it is not
        # easy.
        return 1


def _assert_channels(img: Tensor, permitted: List[int]) -> None:
    c = get_dimensions(img)[0]
    if c not in permitted:
        raise TypeError(f"Input image tensor permitted channel values are {permitted}, but found {c}")


def convert_image_dtype(image: torch.Tensor, dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float) -> torch.Tensor:
    if image.dtype == dtype:
        return image

    if image.is_floating_point():

        # TODO: replace with dtype.is_floating_point when torchscript supports it
        if torch.tensor(0, dtype=dtype).is_floating_point():
            return image.to(dtype)

        # float to int
        if (image.dtype == torch.float32 and dtype in (torch.int32, torch.int64)) or (
            image.dtype == torch.float64 and dtype == torch.int64
        ):
            msg = f"The cast from {image.dtype} to {dtype} cannot be performed safely."
            raise RuntimeError(msg)

        # https://github.com/pytorch/vision/pull/2078#issuecomment-612045321
        # For data in the range 0-1, (float * 255).to(uint) is only 255
        # when float is exactly 1.0.
        # `max + 1 - epsilon` provides more evenly distributed mapping of
        # ranges of floats to ints.
        eps = 1e-3
        max_val = float(_max_value(dtype))
        result = image.mul(max_val + 1.0 - eps)
        return result.to(dtype)
    else:
        input_max = float(_max_value(image.dtype))

        # int to float
        # TODO: replace with dtype.is_floating_point when torchscript supports it
        if torch.tensor(0, dtype=dtype).is_floating_point():
            image = image.to(dtype)
            return image / input_max

        output_max = float(_max_value(dtype))

        # int to int
        if input_max > output_max:
            # factor should be forced to int for torch jit script
            # otherwise factor is a float and image // factor can produce different results
            factor = int((input_max + 1) // (output_max + 1))
            image = torch.div(image, factor, rounding_mode="floor")
            return image.to(dtype)
        else:
            # factor should be forced to int for torch jit script
            # otherwise factor is a float and image * factor can produce different results
            factor = int((output_max + 1) // (input_max + 1))
            image = image.to(dtype)
            return image * factor


def vflip(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    return img.flip(-2)


def hflip(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    return img.flip(-1)


def crop(img: Tensor, top: int, left: int, height: int, width: int) -> Tensor:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    _, h, w = get_dimensions(img)
    right = left + width
    bottom = top + height

    if left < 0 or top < 0 or right > w or bottom > h:
        padding_ltrb = [
            max(-left + min(0, right), 0),
            max(-top + min(0, bottom), 0),
            max(right - max(w, left), 0),
            max(bottom - max(h, top), 0),
        ]
        return pad(img[..., max(top, 0) : bottom, max(left, 0) : right], padding_ltrb, fill=0)
    return img[..., top:bottom, left:right]


def rgb_to_grayscale(img: Tensor, num_output_channels: int = 1) -> Tensor:
    if img.ndim < 3:
        raise TypeError(f"Input image tensor should have at least 3 dimensions, but found {img.ndim}")
    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    if num_output_channels not in (1, 3):
        raise ValueError("num_output_channels should be either 1 or 3")

    if img.shape[-3] == 3:
        r, g, b = img.unbind(dim=-3)
        # This implementation closely follows the TF one:
        # https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/v2.3.0/tensorflow/python/ops/image_ops_impl.py#L2105-L2138
        l_img = (0.2989 * r + 0.587 * g + 0.114 * b).to(img.dtype)
        l_img = l_img.unsqueeze(dim=-3)
    else:
        l_img = img.clone()

    if num_output_channels == 3:
        return l_img.expand(img.shape)

    return l_img


def adjust_brightness(img: Tensor, brightness_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    if brightness_factor < 0:
        raise ValueError(f"brightness_factor ({brightness_factor}) is not non-negative.")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    return _blend(img, torch.zeros_like(img), brightness_factor)


def adjust_contrast(img: Tensor, contrast_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    if contrast_factor < 0:
        raise ValueError(f"contrast_factor ({contrast_factor}) is not non-negative.")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    _assert_channels(img, [3, 1])
    c = get_dimensions(img)[0]
    dtype = img.dtype if torch.is_floating_point(img) else torch.float32
    if c == 3:
        mean = torch.mean(rgb_to_grayscale(img).to(dtype), dim=(-3, -2, -1), keepdim=True)
    else:
        mean = torch.mean(img.to(dtype), dim=(-3, -2, -1), keepdim=True)

    return _blend(img, mean, contrast_factor)


def adjust_hue(img: Tensor, hue_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    if not (-0.5 <= hue_factor <= 0.5):
        raise ValueError(f"hue_factor ({hue_factor}) is not in [-0.5, 0.5].")

    if not (isinstance(img, torch.Tensor)):
        raise TypeError("Input img should be Tensor image")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])
    if get_dimensions(img)[0] == 1:  # Match PIL behaviour
        return img

    orig_dtype = img.dtype
    img = convert_image_dtype(img, torch.float32)

    img = _rgb2hsv(img)
    h, s, v = img.unbind(dim=-3)
    h = (h + hue_factor) % 1.0
    img = torch.stack((h, s, v), dim=-3)
    img_hue_adj = _hsv2rgb(img)

    return convert_image_dtype(img_hue_adj, orig_dtype)


def adjust_saturation(img: Tensor, saturation_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    if saturation_factor < 0:
        raise ValueError(f"saturation_factor ({saturation_factor}) is not non-negative.")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    if get_dimensions(img)[0] == 1:  # Match PIL behaviour
        return img

    return _blend(img, rgb_to_grayscale(img), saturation_factor)


def adjust_gamma(img: Tensor, gamma: float, gain: float = 1) -> Tensor:
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        raise TypeError("Input img should be a Tensor.")

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    if gamma < 0:
        raise ValueError("Gamma should be a non-negative real number")

    result = img
    dtype = img.dtype
    if not torch.is_floating_point(img):
        result = convert_image_dtype(result, torch.float32)

    result = (gain * result**gamma).clamp(0, 1)

    result = convert_image_dtype(result, dtype)
    return result


def _blend(img1: Tensor, img2: Tensor, ratio: float) -> Tensor:
    ratio = float(ratio)
    bound = _max_value(img1.dtype)
    return (ratio * img1 + (1.0 - ratio) * img2).clamp(0, bound).to(img1.dtype)


def _rgb2hsv(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    r, g, b = img.unbind(dim=-3)

    # Implementation is based on https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/4174d4267616897df3746d315d5a2d0f82c656ee/
    # src/libImaging/Convert.c#L330
    maxc = torch.max(img, dim=-3).values
    minc = torch.min(img, dim=-3).values

    # The algorithm erases S and H channel where `maxc = minc`. This avoids NaN
    # from happening in the results, because
    #   + S channel has division by `maxc`, which is zero only if `maxc = minc`
    #   + H channel has division by `(maxc - minc)`.
    #
    # Instead of overwriting NaN afterwards, we just prevent it from occurring, so
    # we don't need to deal with it in case we save the NaN in a buffer in
    # backprop, if it is ever supported, but it doesn't hurt to do so.
    eqc = maxc == minc

    cr = maxc - minc
    # Since `eqc => cr = 0`, replacing denominator with 1 when `eqc` is fine.
    ones = torch.ones_like(maxc)
    s = cr / torch.where(eqc, ones, maxc)
    # Note that `eqc => maxc = minc = r = g = b`. So the following calculation
    # of `h` would reduce to `bc - gc + 2 + rc - bc + 4 + rc - bc = 6` so it
    # would not matter what values `rc`, `gc`, and `bc` have here, and thus
    # replacing denominator with 1 when `eqc` is fine.
    cr_divisor = torch.where(eqc, ones, cr)
    rc = (maxc - r) / cr_divisor
    gc = (maxc - g) / cr_divisor
    bc = (maxc - b) / cr_divisor

    hr = (maxc == r) * (bc - gc)
    hg = ((maxc == g) & (maxc != r)) * (2.0 + rc - bc)
    hb = ((maxc != g) & (maxc != r)) * (4.0 + gc - rc)
    h = hr + hg + hb
    h = torch.fmod((h / 6.0 + 1.0), 1.0)
    return torch.stack((h, s, maxc), dim=-3)


def _hsv2rgb(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    h, s, v = img.unbind(dim=-3)
    i = torch.floor(h * 6.0)
    f = (h * 6.0) - i
    i = i.to(dtype=torch.int32)

    p = torch.clamp((v * (1.0 - s)), 0.0, 1.0)
    q = torch.clamp((v * (1.0 - s * f)), 0.0, 1.0)
    t = torch.clamp((v * (1.0 - s * (1.0 - f))), 0.0, 1.0)
    i = i % 6

    mask = i.unsqueeze(dim=-3) == torch.arange(6, device=i.device).view(-1, 1, 1)

    a1 = torch.stack((v, q, p, p, t, v), dim=-3)
    a2 = torch.stack((t, v, v, q, p, p), dim=-3)
    a3 = torch.stack((p, p, t, v, v, q), dim=-3)
    a4 = torch.stack((a1, a2, a3), dim=-4)

    return torch.einsum("...ijk, ...xijk -> ...xjk", mask.to(dtype=img.dtype), a4)


def _pad_symmetric(img: Tensor, padding: List[int]) -> Tensor:
    # padding is left, right, top, bottom

    # crop if needed
    if padding[0] < 0 or padding[1] < 0 or padding[2] < 0 or padding[3] < 0:
        neg_min_padding = [-min(x, 0) for x in padding]
        crop_left, crop_right, crop_top, crop_bottom = neg_min_padding
        img = img[..., crop_top : img.shape[-2] - crop_bottom, crop_left : img.shape[-1] - crop_right]
        padding = [max(x, 0) for x in padding]

    in_sizes = img.size()

    _x_indices = [i for i in range(in_sizes[-1])]  # [0, 1, 2, 3, ...]
    left_indices = [i for i in range(padding[0] - 1, -1, -1)]  # e.g. [3, 2, 1, 0]
    right_indices = [-(i + 1) for i in range(padding[1])]  # e.g. [-1, -2, -3]
    x_indices = torch.tensor(left_indices + _x_indices + right_indices, device=img.device)

    _y_indices = [i for i in range(in_sizes[-2])]
    top_indices = [i for i in range(padding[2] - 1, -1, -1)]
    bottom_indices = [-(i + 1) for i in range(padding[3])]
    y_indices = torch.tensor(top_indices + _y_indices + bottom_indices, device=img.device)

    ndim = img.ndim
    if ndim == 3:
        return img[:, y_indices[:, None], x_indices[None, :]]
    elif ndim == 4:
        return img[:, :, y_indices[:, None], x_indices[None, :]]
    else:
        raise RuntimeError("Symmetric padding of N-D tensors are not supported yet")


def _parse_pad_padding(padding: Union[int, List[int]]) -> List[int]:
    if isinstance(padding, int):
        if torch.jit.is_scripting():
            # This maybe unreachable
            raise ValueError("padding can't be an int while torchscripting, set it as a list [value, ]")
        pad_left = pad_right = pad_top = pad_bottom = padding
    elif len(padding) == 1:
        pad_left = pad_right = pad_top = pad_bottom = padding[0]
    elif len(padding) == 2:
        pad_left = pad_right = padding[0]
        pad_top = pad_bottom = padding[1]
    else:
        pad_left = padding[0]
        pad_top = padding[1]
        pad_right = padding[2]
        pad_bottom = padding[3]

    return [pad_left, pad_right, pad_top, pad_bottom]


def pad(
    img: Tensor, padding: Union[int, List[int]], fill: Optional[Union[int, float]] = 0, padding_mode: str = "constant"
) -> Tensor:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if fill is None:
        fill = 0

    if not isinstance(padding, (int, tuple, list)):
        raise TypeError("Got inappropriate padding arg")
    if not isinstance(fill, (int, float)):
        raise TypeError("Got inappropriate fill arg")
    if not isinstance(padding_mode, str):
        raise TypeError("Got inappropriate padding_mode arg")

    if isinstance(padding, tuple):
        padding = list(padding)

    if isinstance(padding, list):
        # TODO: Jit is failing on loading this op when scripted and saved
        # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/81100
        if len(padding) not in [1, 2, 4]:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Padding must be an int or a 1, 2, or 4 element tuple, not a {len(padding)} element tuple"
            )

    if padding_mode not in ["constant", "edge", "reflect", "symmetric"]:
        raise ValueError("Padding mode should be either constant, edge, reflect or symmetric")

    p = _parse_pad_padding(padding)

    if padding_mode == "edge":
        # remap padding_mode str
        padding_mode = "replicate"
    elif padding_mode == "symmetric":
        # route to another implementation
        return _pad_symmetric(img, p)

    need_squeeze = False
    if img.ndim < 4:
        img = img.unsqueeze(dim=0)
        need_squeeze = True

    out_dtype = img.dtype
    need_cast = False
    if (padding_mode != "constant") and img.dtype not in (torch.float32, torch.float64):
        # Here we temporarily cast input tensor to float
        # until pytorch issue is resolved :
        # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/40763
        need_cast = True
        img = img.to(torch.float32)

    if padding_mode in ("reflect", "replicate"):
        img = torch_pad(img, p, mode=padding_mode)
    else:
        img = torch_pad(img, p, mode=padding_mode, value=float(fill))

    if need_squeeze:
        img = img.squeeze(dim=0)

    if need_cast:
        img = img.to(out_dtype)

    return img


def resize(
    img: Tensor,
    size: List[int],
    interpolation: str = "bilinear",
    antialias: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> Tensor:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if isinstance(size, tuple):
        size = list(size)

    if antialias is None:
        antialias = False

    if antialias and interpolation not in ["bilinear", "bicubic"]:
        raise ValueError("Antialias option is supported for bilinear and bicubic interpolation modes only")

    img, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype = _cast_squeeze_in(img, [torch.float32, torch.float64])

    # Define align_corners to avoid warnings
    align_corners = False if interpolation in ["bilinear", "bicubic"] else None

    img = interpolate(img, size=size, mode=interpolation, align_corners=align_corners, antialias=antialias)

    if interpolation == "bicubic" and out_dtype == torch.uint8:
        img = img.clamp(min=0, max=255)

    img = _cast_squeeze_out(img, need_cast=need_cast, need_squeeze=need_squeeze, out_dtype=out_dtype)

    return img


def _assert_grid_transform_inputs(
    img: Tensor,
    matrix: Optional[List[float]],
    interpolation: str,
    fill: Optional[Union[int, float, List[float]]],
    supported_interpolation_modes: List[str],
    coeffs: Optional[List[float]] = None,
) -> None:

    if not (isinstance(img, torch.Tensor)):
        raise TypeError("Input img should be Tensor")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if matrix is not None and not isinstance(matrix, list):
        raise TypeError("Argument matrix should be a list")

    if matrix is not None and len(matrix) != 6:
        raise ValueError("Argument matrix should have 6 float values")

    if coeffs is not None and len(coeffs) != 8:
        raise ValueError("Argument coeffs should have 8 float values")

    if fill is not None and not isinstance(fill, (int, float, tuple, list)):
        warnings.warn("Argument fill should be either int, float, tuple or list")

    # Check fill
    num_channels = get_dimensions(img)[0]
    if fill is not None and isinstance(fill, (tuple, list)) and len(fill) > 1 and len(fill) != num_channels:
        msg = (
            "The number of elements in 'fill' cannot broadcast to match the number of "
            "channels of the image ({} != {})"
        )
        raise ValueError(msg.format(len(fill), num_channels))

    if interpolation not in supported_interpolation_modes:
        raise ValueError(f"Interpolation mode '{interpolation}' is unsupported with Tensor input")


def _cast_squeeze_in(img: Tensor, req_dtypes: List[torch.dtype]) -> Tuple[Tensor, bool, bool, torch.dtype]:
    need_squeeze = False
    # make image NCHW
    if img.ndim < 4:
        img = img.unsqueeze(dim=0)
        need_squeeze = True

    out_dtype = img.dtype
    need_cast = False
    if out_dtype not in req_dtypes:
        need_cast = True
        req_dtype = req_dtypes[0]
        img = img.to(req_dtype)
    return img, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype


def _cast_squeeze_out(img: Tensor, need_cast: bool, need_squeeze: bool, out_dtype: torch.dtype) -> Tensor:
    if need_squeeze:
        img = img.squeeze(dim=0)

    if need_cast:
        if out_dtype in (torch.uint8, torch.int8, torch.int16, torch.int32, torch.int64):
            # it is better to round before cast
            img = torch.round(img)
        img = img.to(out_dtype)

    return img


def _apply_grid_transform(
    img: Tensor, grid: Tensor, mode: str, fill: Optional[Union[int, float, List[float]]]
) -> Tensor:

    img, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype = _cast_squeeze_in(img, [grid.dtype])

    if img.shape[0] > 1:
        # Apply same grid to a batch of images
        grid = grid.expand(img.shape[0], grid.shape[1], grid.shape[2], grid.shape[3])

    # Append a dummy mask for customized fill colors, should be faster than grid_sample() twice
    if fill is not None:
        mask = torch.ones((img.shape[0], 1, img.shape[2], img.shape[3]), dtype=img.dtype, device=img.device)
        img = torch.cat((img, mask), dim=1)

    img = grid_sample(img, grid, mode=mode, padding_mode="zeros", align_corners=False)

    # Fill with required color
    if fill is not None:
        mask = img[:, -1:, :, :]  # N * 1 * H * W
        img = img[:, :-1, :, :]  # N * C * H * W
        mask = mask.expand_as(img)
        fill_list, len_fill = (fill, len(fill)) if isinstance(fill, (tuple, list)) else ([float(fill)], 1)
        fill_img = torch.tensor(fill_list, dtype=img.dtype, device=img.device).view(1, len_fill, 1, 1).expand_as(img)
        if mode == "nearest":
            mask = mask < 0.5
            img[mask] = fill_img[mask]
        else:  # 'bilinear'
            img = img * mask + (1.0 - mask) * fill_img

    img = _cast_squeeze_out(img, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype)
    return img


def _gen_affine_grid(
    theta: Tensor,
    w: int,
    h: int,
    ow: int,
    oh: int,
) -> Tensor:
    # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/74b65c32be68b15dc7c9e8bb62459efbfbde33d8/aten/src/ATen/native/
    # AffineGridGenerator.cpp#L18
    # Difference with AffineGridGenerator is that:
    # 1) we normalize grid values after applying theta
    # 2) we can normalize by other image size, such that it covers "extend" option like in PIL.Image.rotate

    d = 0.5
    base_grid = torch.empty(1, oh, ow, 3, dtype=theta.dtype, device=theta.device)
    x_grid = torch.linspace(-ow * 0.5 + d, ow * 0.5 + d - 1, steps=ow, device=theta.device)
    base_grid[..., 0].copy_(x_grid)
    y_grid = torch.linspace(-oh * 0.5 + d, oh * 0.5 + d - 1, steps=oh, device=theta.device).unsqueeze_(-1)
    base_grid[..., 1].copy_(y_grid)
    base_grid[..., 2].fill_(1)

    rescaled_theta = theta.transpose(1, 2) / torch.tensor([0.5 * w, 0.5 * h], dtype=theta.dtype, device=theta.device)
    output_grid = base_grid.view(1, oh * ow, 3).bmm(rescaled_theta)
    return output_grid.view(1, oh, ow, 2)


def affine(
    img: Tensor,
    matrix: List[float],
    interpolation: str = "nearest",
    fill: Optional[Union[int, float, List[float]]] = None,
) -> Tensor:
    _assert_grid_transform_inputs(img, matrix, interpolation, fill, ["nearest", "bilinear"])

    dtype = img.dtype if torch.is_floating_point(img) else torch.float32
    theta = torch.tensor(matrix, dtype=dtype, device=img.device).reshape(1, 2, 3)
    shape = img.shape
    # grid will be generated on the same device as theta and img
    grid = _gen_affine_grid(theta, w=shape[-1], h=shape[-2], ow=shape[-1], oh=shape[-2])
    return _apply_grid_transform(img, grid, interpolation, fill=fill)


def _compute_affine_output_size(matrix: List[float], w: int, h: int) -> Tuple[int, int]:

    # Inspired of PIL implementation:
    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/11de3318867e4398057373ee9f12dcb33db7335c/src/PIL/Image.py#L2054

    # pts are Top-Left, Top-Right, Bottom-Left, Bottom-Right points.
    # Points are shifted due to affine matrix torch convention about
    # the center point. Center is (0, 0) for image center pivot point (w * 0.5, h * 0.5)
    pts = torch.tensor(
        [
            [-0.5 * w, -0.5 * h, 1.0],
            [-0.5 * w, 0.5 * h, 1.0],
            [0.5 * w, 0.5 * h, 1.0],
            [0.5 * w, -0.5 * h, 1.0],
        ]
    )
    theta = torch.tensor(matrix, dtype=torch.float).view(2, 3)
    new_pts = torch.matmul(pts, theta.T)
    min_vals, _ = new_pts.min(dim=0)
    max_vals, _ = new_pts.max(dim=0)

    # shift points to [0, w] and [0, h] interval to match PIL results
    min_vals += torch.tensor((w * 0.5, h * 0.5))
    max_vals += torch.tensor((w * 0.5, h * 0.5))

    # Truncate precision to 1e-4 to avoid ceil of Xe-15 to 1.0
    tol = 1e-4
    cmax = torch.ceil((max_vals / tol).trunc_() * tol)
    cmin = torch.floor((min_vals / tol).trunc_() * tol)
    size = cmax - cmin
    return int(size[0]), int(size[1])  # w, h


def rotate(
    img: Tensor,
    matrix: List[float],
    interpolation: str = "nearest",
    expand: bool = False,
    fill: Optional[Union[int, float, List[float]]] = None,
) -> Tensor:
    _assert_grid_transform_inputs(img, matrix, interpolation, fill, ["nearest", "bilinear"])
    w, h = img.shape[-1], img.shape[-2]
    ow, oh = _compute_affine_output_size(matrix, w, h) if expand else (w, h)
    dtype = img.dtype if torch.is_floating_point(img) else torch.float32
    theta = torch.tensor(matrix, dtype=dtype, device=img.device).reshape(1, 2, 3)
    # grid will be generated on the same device as theta and img
    grid = _gen_affine_grid(theta, w=w, h=h, ow=ow, oh=oh)

    return _apply_grid_transform(img, grid, interpolation, fill=fill)


def _perspective_grid(coeffs: List[float], ow: int, oh: int, dtype: torch.dtype, device: torch.device) -> Tensor:
    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/4634eafe3c695a014267eefdce830b4a825beed7/
    # src/libImaging/Geometry.c#L394

    #
    # x_out = (coeffs[0] * x + coeffs[1] * y + coeffs[2]) / (coeffs[6] * x + coeffs[7] * y + 1)
    # y_out = (coeffs[3] * x + coeffs[4] * y + coeffs[5]) / (coeffs[6] * x + coeffs[7] * y + 1)
    #
    theta1 = torch.tensor(
        [[[coeffs[0], coeffs[1], coeffs[2]], [coeffs[3], coeffs[4], coeffs[5]]]], dtype=dtype, device=device
    )
    theta2 = torch.tensor([[[coeffs[6], coeffs[7], 1.0], [coeffs[6], coeffs[7], 1.0]]], dtype=dtype, device=device)

    d = 0.5
    base_grid = torch.empty(1, oh, ow, 3, dtype=dtype, device=device)
    x_grid = torch.linspace(d, ow * 1.0 + d - 1.0, steps=ow, device=device)
    base_grid[..., 0].copy_(x_grid)
    y_grid = torch.linspace(d, oh * 1.0 + d - 1.0, steps=oh, device=device).unsqueeze_(-1)
    base_grid[..., 1].copy_(y_grid)
    base_grid[..., 2].fill_(1)

    rescaled_theta1 = theta1.transpose(1, 2) / torch.tensor([0.5 * ow, 0.5 * oh], dtype=dtype, device=device)
    output_grid1 = base_grid.view(1, oh * ow, 3).bmm(rescaled_theta1)
    output_grid2 = base_grid.view(1, oh * ow, 3).bmm(theta2.transpose(1, 2))

    output_grid = output_grid1 / output_grid2 - 1.0
    return output_grid.view(1, oh, ow, 2)


def perspective(
    img: Tensor,
    perspective_coeffs: List[float],
    interpolation: str = "bilinear",
    fill: Optional[Union[int, float, List[float]]] = None,
) -> Tensor:
    if not (isinstance(img, torch.Tensor)):
        raise TypeError("Input img should be Tensor.")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    _assert_grid_transform_inputs(
        img,
        matrix=None,
        interpolation=interpolation,
        fill=fill,
        supported_interpolation_modes=["nearest", "bilinear"],
        coeffs=perspective_coeffs,
    )

    ow, oh = img.shape[-1], img.shape[-2]
    dtype = img.dtype if torch.is_floating_point(img) else torch.float32
    grid = _perspective_grid(perspective_coeffs, ow=ow, oh=oh, dtype=dtype, device=img.device)
    return _apply_grid_transform(img, grid, interpolation, fill=fill)


def _get_gaussian_kernel1d(kernel_size: int, sigma: float) -> Tensor:
    ksize_half = (kernel_size - 1) * 0.5

    x = torch.linspace(-ksize_half, ksize_half, steps=kernel_size)
    pdf = torch.exp(-0.5 * (x / sigma).pow(2))
    kernel1d = pdf / pdf.sum()

    return kernel1d


def _get_gaussian_kernel2d(
    kernel_size: List[int], sigma: List[float], dtype: torch.dtype, device: torch.device
) -> Tensor:
    kernel1d_x = _get_gaussian_kernel1d(kernel_size[0], sigma[0]).to(device, dtype=dtype)
    kernel1d_y = _get_gaussian_kernel1d(kernel_size[1], sigma[1]).to(device, dtype=dtype)
    kernel2d = torch.mm(kernel1d_y[:, None], kernel1d_x[None, :])
    return kernel2d


def gaussian_blur(img: Tensor, kernel_size: List[int], sigma: List[float]) -> Tensor:
    if not (isinstance(img, torch.Tensor)):
        raise TypeError(f"img should be Tensor. Got {type(img)}")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    dtype = img.dtype if torch.is_floating_point(img) else torch.float32
    kernel = _get_gaussian_kernel2d(kernel_size, sigma, dtype=dtype, device=img.device)
    kernel = kernel.expand(img.shape[-3], 1, kernel.shape[0], kernel.shape[1])

    img, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype = _cast_squeeze_in(img, [kernel.dtype])

    # padding = (left, right, top, bottom)
    padding = [kernel_size[0] // 2, kernel_size[0] // 2, kernel_size[1] // 2, kernel_size[1] // 2]
    img = torch_pad(img, padding, mode="reflect")
    img = conv2d(img, kernel, groups=img.shape[-3])

    img = _cast_squeeze_out(img, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype)
    return img


def invert(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if img.ndim < 3:
        raise TypeError(f"Input image tensor should have at least 3 dimensions, but found {img.ndim}")

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    return _max_value(img.dtype) - img


def posterize(img: Tensor, bits: int) -> Tensor:

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if img.ndim < 3:
        raise TypeError(f"Input image tensor should have at least 3 dimensions, but found {img.ndim}")
    if img.dtype != torch.uint8:
        raise TypeError(f"Only torch.uint8 image tensors are supported, but found {img.dtype}")

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])
    mask = -int(2 ** (8 - bits))  # JIT-friendly for: ~(2 ** (8 - bits) - 1)
    return img & mask


def solarize(img: Tensor, threshold: float) -> Tensor:

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if img.ndim < 3:
        raise TypeError(f"Input image tensor should have at least 3 dimensions, but found {img.ndim}")

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    if threshold > _max_value(img.dtype):
        raise TypeError("Threshold should be less than bound of img.")

    inverted_img = invert(img)
    return torch.where(img >= threshold, inverted_img, img)


def _blurred_degenerate_image(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    dtype = img.dtype if torch.is_floating_point(img) else torch.float32

    kernel = torch.ones((3, 3), dtype=dtype, device=img.device)
    kernel[1, 1] = 5.0
    kernel /= kernel.sum()
    kernel = kernel.expand(img.shape[-3], 1, kernel.shape[0], kernel.shape[1])

    result_tmp, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype = _cast_squeeze_in(img, [kernel.dtype])
    result_tmp = conv2d(result_tmp, kernel, groups=result_tmp.shape[-3])
    result_tmp = _cast_squeeze_out(result_tmp, need_cast, need_squeeze, out_dtype)

    result = img.clone()
    result[..., 1:-1, 1:-1] = result_tmp

    return result


def adjust_sharpness(img: Tensor, sharpness_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    if sharpness_factor < 0:
        raise ValueError(f"sharpness_factor ({sharpness_factor}) is not non-negative.")

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    if img.size(-1) <= 2 or img.size(-2) <= 2:
        return img

    return _blend(img, _blurred_degenerate_image(img), sharpness_factor)


def autocontrast(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if img.ndim < 3:
        raise TypeError(f"Input image tensor should have at least 3 dimensions, but found {img.ndim}")

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    bound = _max_value(img.dtype)
    dtype = img.dtype if torch.is_floating_point(img) else torch.float32

    minimum = img.amin(dim=(-2, -1), keepdim=True).to(dtype)
    maximum = img.amax(dim=(-2, -1), keepdim=True).to(dtype)
    scale = bound / (maximum - minimum)
    eq_idxs = torch.isfinite(scale).logical_not()
    minimum[eq_idxs] = 0
    scale[eq_idxs] = 1

    return ((img - minimum) * scale).clamp(0, bound).to(img.dtype)


def _scale_channel(img_chan: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    # TODO: we should expect bincount to always be faster than histc, but this
    # isn't always the case. Once
    # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/53194 is fixed, remove the if
    # block and only use bincount.
    if img_chan.is_cuda:
        hist = torch.histc(img_chan.to(torch.float32), bins=256, min=0, max=255)
    else:
        hist = torch.bincount(img_chan.reshape(-1), minlength=256)

    nonzero_hist = hist[hist != 0]
    step = torch.div(nonzero_hist[:-1].sum(), 255, rounding_mode="floor")
    if step == 0:
        return img_chan

    lut = torch.div(torch.cumsum(hist, 0) + torch.div(step, 2, rounding_mode="floor"), step, rounding_mode="floor")
    lut = torch.nn.functional.pad(lut, [1, 0])[:-1].clamp(0, 255)

    return lut[img_chan.to(torch.int64)].to(torch.uint8)


def _equalize_single_image(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    return torch.stack([_scale_channel(img[c]) for c in range(img.size(0))])


def equalize(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:

    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if not (3 <= img.ndim <= 4):
        raise TypeError(f"Input image tensor should have 3 or 4 dimensions, but found {img.ndim}")
    if img.dtype != torch.uint8:
        raise TypeError(f"Only torch.uint8 image tensors are supported, but found {img.dtype}")

    _assert_channels(img, [1, 3])

    if img.ndim == 3:
        return _equalize_single_image(img)

    return torch.stack([_equalize_single_image(x) for x in img])


def normalize(tensor: Tensor, mean: List[float], std: List[float], inplace: bool = False) -> Tensor:
    _assert_image_tensor(tensor)

    if not tensor.is_floating_point():
        raise TypeError(f"Input tensor should be a float tensor. Got {tensor.dtype}.")

    if tensor.ndim < 3:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Expected tensor to be a tensor image of size (..., C, H, W). Got tensor.size() = {tensor.size()}"
        )

    if not inplace:
        tensor = tensor.clone()

    dtype = tensor.dtype
    mean = torch.as_tensor(mean, dtype=dtype, device=tensor.device)
    std = torch.as_tensor(std, dtype=dtype, device=tensor.device)
    if (std == 0).any():
        raise ValueError(f"std evaluated to zero after conversion to {dtype}, leading to division by zero.")
    if mean.ndim == 1:
        mean = mean.view(-1, 1, 1)
    if std.ndim == 1:
        std = std.view(-1, 1, 1)
    return tensor.sub_(mean).div_(std)


def erase(img: Tensor, i: int, j: int, h: int, w: int, v: Tensor, inplace: bool = False) -> Tensor:
    _assert_image_tensor(img)

    if not inplace:
        img = img.clone()

    img[..., i : i + h, j : j + w] = v
    return img


def _create_identity_grid(size: List[int]) -> Tensor:
    hw_space = [torch.linspace((-s + 1) / s, (s - 1) / s, s) for s in size]
    grid_y, grid_x = torch.meshgrid(hw_space, indexing="ij")
    return torch.stack([grid_x, grid_y], -1).unsqueeze(0)  # 1 x H x W x 2


def elastic_transform(
    img: Tensor,
    displacement: Tensor,
    interpolation: str = "bilinear",
    fill: Optional[Union[int, float, List[float]]] = None,
) -> Tensor:

    if not (isinstance(img, torch.Tensor)):
        raise TypeError(f"img should be Tensor. Got {type(img)}")

    size = list(img.shape[-2:])
    displacement = displacement.to(img.device)

    identity_grid = _create_identity_grid(size)
    grid = identity_grid.to(img.device) + displacement
    return _apply_grid_transform(img, grid, interpolation, fill)