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‎abstract.tex

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The first tool, \gringo, is a \emph{grounder} capable of translating
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logic programs provided by users into equivalent propositional logic programs.
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The answer sets of such programs can be computed by \clasp,
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which is a \emph{solver}.
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which is a \emph{solver} processing the output of \gringo.
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The third tool, \clingo, integrates the functionalities of \gringo\ and \clasp,
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thus, acting as a \emph{monolithic} solver for user programs.
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thus, acting as a \emph{monolithic} grounder and solver for user programs.
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Finally, \iclingo\ extends \clingo\ by an
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\emph{incremental} mode that incorporates both grounding and solving.
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For one, this document aims at enabling ASP novices
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The guide, for one, aims at enabling ASP novices
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to make use of the aforementioned tools.
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For another, it provides a reference of their features
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that ASP adepts might be tempted to exploit.
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\vfill
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\textbf{Note that this document contains a lot of examples.
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For convienience no examples have to be typed in by hand
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instead they can directly be safed to disc by clicking them.}
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\centering
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\textbf{This document includes many illustrative examples.}
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\\
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\textbf{For convenience,
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they can be saved to disk by clicking their file names.}
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\end{abstract}
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%%% Local Variables:

‎background.tex

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%\section{Background}\label{sec:background}
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\section{Theoretical Background}\label{sec:background}
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To be added
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‎guide.bib

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@STRING{wiley = "John Wiley \& sons" }
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@InProceedings{gekasc09a,
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author = "M. Gebser and B. Kaufmann and T. Schaub",
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title = "Solution Enumeration for Projected {B}oolean Search Problems",
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pages = "71-86",
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crossref = "cpaior09"
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}
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@InProceedings{gekasc09b,
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author = "M. Gebser and B. Kaufmann and T. Schaub",
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title = "The Conflict-Driven Answer Set Solver clasp: Progress
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Report",
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crossref = "lpnmr09",
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pages = "509-514"
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}
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@InProceedings{angelinesc05c,
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author = "C. Anger and M. Gebser and T. Linke and A. Neumann and
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T. Schaub",
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pages = "15-19"
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}
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@InProceedings{gekasc09a,
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author = "M. Gebser and B. Kaufmann and T. Schaub",
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title = "Solution Enumeration for Projected {B}oolean Search Problems",
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crossref = "cpaior09",
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pages = "71-86"
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}
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@InProceedings{gekasc09b,
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author = "M. Gebser and B. Kaufmann and T. Schaub",
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title = "The Conflict-Driven Answer Set Solver clasp: Progress
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Report",
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crossref = "lpnmr09",
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pages = "509-514"
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}
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@InProceedings{gellif88a,
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author = "M. Gelfond and V. Lifschitz",
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title = "The Stable Model Semantics for Logic Programming",

‎guide.tex

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\documentclass[a4paper,10pt]{article}
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\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\usepackage[english]{babel}
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%\usepackage{a4wide}
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\usepackage{amsthm,amssymb,amsmath}
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\usepackage{helvet,times,courier}
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\usepackage{listings}
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\usetikzlibrary{arrows,chains,positioning,automata,decorations,shapes}
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\usepackage[color=1 0 0]{attachfile}
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\usepackage{fancyvrb}
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\usepackage{fancyhdr}
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\usepackage{rail}
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\input{macro}
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\usepackage{makeidx}
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\makeindex
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\pagestyle{fancy}
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\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\quad #1}{}}
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\renewcommand{\subsectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesubsection\quad #1}{}}
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\fancyhf{}
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\fancyhead[R]{\thepage}
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\fancyhead[L]{\textit{\nouppercase{\rightmark}}}
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\sloppy
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\author{%
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Martin Gebser \and
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Roland Kaminski \and
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Benjamin Kaufmann \and
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Benjamin Kaufmann \and
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Max Ostrowski \and
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Torsten Schaub \and
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Sven Thiele
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\thanks{\texttt{\{gebser,kaminski,kaufmann,ostrowsk,torsten,sthiele\}@cs.uni-potsdam.de}}}
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Sven Thiele}
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% \thanks{\texttt{\{gebser,kaminski,kaufmann,ostrowsk,torsten,sthiele\}@cs.uni-potsdam.de}}}
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\title{%
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\bf A User's Guide to\\
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\gringo, \clasp, \clingo, and \iclingo\
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\thanks{Tools \gringo, \clasp, \clingo, and \iclingo\ are available at~\cite{potassco}.} \\[0.0cm]
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{\normalsize \textnormal{(version 3.x)}}
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\textbf{\huge A User's Guide to}
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\\
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\gringo, \clasp, \clingo, \textbf{and} \iclingo\
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\thanks{This guide refers to Version~\textbf{3}.x
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of \gringo, \clingo, and \iclingo\ as well as
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Version~1.\textbf{3}.x of \clasp.
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Please make sure that you have corresponding (or later) versions available.}
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\\[4mm]
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\large\url{http://potassco.sourceforge.net/}
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%Tools \gringo, \clasp, \clingo, and \iclingo\ are available at~\cite{potassco}.} \\[0.0cm]
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% {\normalsize \textnormal{(version 3.x)}}
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}
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\date{\today}
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\begin{document}
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\pagestyle{plain}
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\maketitle
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{\hfill\large\it --- Preliminary Draft ---\hfill}
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\input{abstract}
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\newpage
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%{\small
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\tableofcontents
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\listoffigures
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\lstlistoflistings
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%}
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\newpage
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\pagestyle{fancy}
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\input{introduction}
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\newpage
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\input{quickstart}
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\newpage
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\input{language}
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\newpage
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\input{examples}
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\newpage
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\input{options}
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\newpage
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\input{errors}
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\newpage
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\input{future}
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\newpage
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\appendix
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%\input{restrictions}
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\input{lparse}
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\newpage
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\input{background}
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\newpage
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\phantomsection
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}
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\bibliographystyle{plain}
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\bibliography{guide}
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\appendix
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\input{background}
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%\input{restrictions}
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\input{lparse}
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\newpage
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\phantomsection
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Index}
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\printindex
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\end{document}

‎introduction.tex

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\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
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The ``Potsdam Answer Set Solving Collection'' (Potassco)~\cite{potassco}
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by now gathers a variety of tools for Answer Set Programming.
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Among them, we find grounder \gringo, solver \clasp, and
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combinations thereof within integrated systems \clingo\ and \iclingo.
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All these tools are written in \texttt{C++} and published under GNU General Public License(s)~\cite{GNUgpl}.
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Source packages as well as precompiled binaries for Linux and Windows are available at~\cite{potassco}.
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For building one of the tools from sources,
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please download the most recent source package and consult the
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included \code{README} or \code{INSTALL} text file, respectively.
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Please make sure that the platform to build on has the
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by now gathers a variety of tools for Answer Set Programming (ASP)
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\cite{ankolisc05a,baral03a,gelleo02a,lifschitz02a,martru99a,niemela99a},
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including grounder \gringo, solver \clasp, and
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combinations of them within integrated systems \clingo\ and \iclingo.
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Their common goal is to provide means enabling users
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to rapidly solve difficult computational problems in ASP.
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\subsection{Download and Installation}
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The Potassco tools \gringo, \clasp, \clingo, and \iclingo\
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are written in \texttt{C++} and published under GNU General Public License(s)~\cite{GNUgpl}.
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Source packages as well as precompiled binaries for Linux and Windows
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are available at~\cite{potassco}.
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For building some of the tools from sources,
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please download the most recent source package, consult the
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included \code{README} % or \code{INSTALL} text file, respectively.
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file,
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and make sure that the machine to build on has all
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required software installed.
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If you nonetheless encounter problems in the building process,
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please use the potassco mailing list
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\href{mailto:[email protected]}{[email protected]}
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or consult the supporting pages at \href{http://potassco.sourceforge.net}{potassco.sourceforge.net}.
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If you still encounter problems in the building process,
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please use the Potassco mailing list
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\href{mailto:[email protected]}{\texttt{[email protected]}}
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\noindent
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or consult the support pages at~\cite{potassco}.
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After downloading (and possibly building) a tool,
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one can check whether everything works fine by invoking the tool
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with flag \code{--version} (to get version information) or
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with flag \code{--help} (to see the available command line options).
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For instance, assuming that a binary called \gringo\ is in the path
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(similarly, with the other tools),
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(similarly with the other tools),
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the following command line calls should be responded by \gringo:
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%
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\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none]
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gringo --version
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gringo --help
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\end{lstlisting}
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If grounder \gringo, solver \clasp, as well as integrated systems
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\clingo\ and \iclingo\ are all available,
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one usually provides the file names of input text files to either
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\gringo, \clingo, or \iclingo, while the output of \gringo\ is
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typically piped into \clasp.
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Note that \gringo, \clasp, \clingo, and \iclingo\
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run on the command line (Linux shell, Windows command prompt, or the like).
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To facilitate invoking them, their binaries can be ``installed''
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simply by putting them into some directory in the system path.
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% If grounder \gringo, solver \clasp, as well as integrated systems
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% \clingo\ and \iclingo\ are all available,
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In an invocation,
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one usually provides the file names of input (text) files
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as arguments to either \gringo, \clingo, or \iclingo,
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while the output of \gringo\ is typically piped into \clasp.
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Thus, the standard invocation schemes are as follows:
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\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none]
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gringo [ options | files ] | clasp [ options | number ]
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clingo [ options | files | number ]
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iclingo [ options | files | number ]
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\end{lstlisting}
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Note that a numerical argument provided to either \clasp, \clingo, or \iclingo\
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% Note that
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A numerical argument provided to either \clasp, \clingo, or \iclingo\
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determines the maximum number of answer sets to be computed,
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where \code{0} stands for ``compute all answer sets.''
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where \code{0} % stands for
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means ``compute all answer sets.''
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By default, only one answer set is computed (if it exists).
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\subsection{Outline}
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This guide introduces the fundamentals of using
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\gringo, \clasp, \clingo, and \iclingo.
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In particular, it tries to enable the reader to benefit from them
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by significantly reducing the ``time to solution'' on difficult problems.
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The outline is as follows.
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In Section~\ref{sec:quickstart},
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an introductory example is given
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that serves both as guideline on how to model problems using logic programs
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and also as an example on how compact and concise the modeling language of \gringo\ is.
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The probably most important part for a user, Section~\ref{sec:language},
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In particular, it aims at enabling the reader to benefit from them
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by significantly reducing the ``time to solution'' on difficult computational problems.
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% The outline is as follows.
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To this end,
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Section~\ref{sec:quickstart}
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provides an introductory example
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that serves both as a prototype of problem modeling using logic programs
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and also as an appetizer of the modeling language of \gringo.
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The main part of this document, Section~\ref{sec:language},
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is dedicated to the input languages of our tools,
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where the joint input language of \gringo\ and \clingo\
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claims the main share (later on, it is extended by \iclingo).
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For illustrating the application of our tools,
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three well-known example problems are solved in Section~\ref{sec:examples}.
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where Section~\ref{subsec:lang:gringo}
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details the joint input language of \gringo\ and \clingo.
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In Section~\ref{subsec:lang:iclingo}, it is extended with
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incremental directives of \iclingo.
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The input language of \clasp\ is discussed only briefly in Section~\ref{subsec:lang:clasp},
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as it matches the numerical output format of \gringo\ and
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is not supposed to be written directly by a user.
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For %illustrating the application of our tools,
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further illustration,
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Section~\ref{sec:examples} describes how three well-known example problems
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can be solved with our tools.
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Practical aspects are also in the focus of Section~\ref{sec:options} and~\ref{sec:error:warn},
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where we elaborate and give some hints on the available command line options
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as well as input-related errors and warnings that may be reported.
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During the guide we forgo most of the theoretical background in favor
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of small intuitive examples and informal descriptions.
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as well as input-related errors and warnings. % that may be reported.
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We conclude with a summary in Section~\ref{sec:future}.
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%For a more theoretical background, the interested reader is referred
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%to Appendix~\ref{sec:background} where technical details are covered.
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lists the most prominent differences to our tools.
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Otherwise, \gringo, \clingo, and \iclingo\ should accept most inputs recognized by \lparse,
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while the input of solver \clasp\ can also be generated by \lparse\ instead of \gringo.
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Throughout this guide, we provide quite a number of examples.
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Throughout this document, we provide illustrative examples.
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Many of them can actually be run, and instructions on how to accomplish this
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(or sometimes meta-remarks)
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are provided in margin boxes, where an occurrence of ``\code{\char`\\}''
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usually means that a text line broken for space reasons is actually continuous.
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usually means that text in a command line, broken for space reasons, is actually continuous.
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For the moment,
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we omit a self-contained description of the formal semantics of ASP,
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and Appendix~\ref{sec:background} currently provides some references
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to the literature only; we plan to complete this part in the next version
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of this guide.
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After all these preliminaries, it is time to start our guided tour
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through Potassco~\cite{potassco}.
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through the main Potassco~\cite{potassco} tools.
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We hope that you will find it enjoyable and helpful!
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%%% Local Variables:

‎macro.tex

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% More formatting
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\lstset{numbers=left,numberblanklines=false,basicstyle=\ttfamily,xleftmargin=10pt}
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\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.25\marginparwidth}
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\lstset{numbers=left,numberblanklines=false,basicstyle=\ttfamily,xleftmargin=0pt}
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\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.5\marginparwidth}
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% look whether commentssidepar exists
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%\ifx\@commentsidepar\@empty
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\newcommand{\marginlabel}[1]{\marginpar{\hspace*{-1.75mm}%
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\fbox{\parbox[t]{1.76\marginparwidth}{\footnotesize #1}}}}
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\newcommand{\marginlabel}[1]{\marginpar{\hspace*{-1.5mm}%\hspace*{-1.75mm}%
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\fbox{\parbox[t]{%1.76
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2.3\marginparwidth}{\footnotesize #1}}}}
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%\else
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%\newcommand{\marginlabel}[1]{\commentsidepar{\hspace*{-1.75mm}%
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% \fbox{\parbox[t]{1.76\marginparwidth}{\footnotesize #1}}}}
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% this macro is kinda ugly but the only way I found to workaround warnings
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\def\attach{\textattachfile[color=1 0 0]}
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%%% Local Variables:
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%%% mode: latex
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%%% TeX-master: "guide"
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%%% End:

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