On Breast Cancer Detection: An Application of Machine Learning Algorithms on the Wisconsin Diagnostic Dataset

Note: This repository is retired and will not be ported to use TF2. However, you may use this as a reference in doing so.

This paper was presented at the 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning and Soft Computing (ICMLSC) in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam last February 2-4, 2018.

The full paper on this project may be read at arXiv.org.

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison of six machine learning (ML) algorithms: GRU-SVM[4], Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Nearest Neighbor (NN) search, Softmax Regression, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) on the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset [22] by measuring their classification test accuracy and their sensitivity and specificity values. The said dataset consists of features which were computed from digitized images of FNA tests on a breast mass[22]. For the implementation of the ML algorithms, the dataset was partitioned in the following fashion: 70% for training phase, and 30% for the testing phase. The hyper-parameters used for all the classifiers were manually assigned. Results show that all the presented ML algorithms performed well (all exceeded 90% test accuracy) on the classification task. The MLP algorithm stands out among the implemented algorithms with a test accuracy of ~99.04% Lastly, the results are comparable with the findings of the related studies[18 , 23].

Citation

To cite the paper, kindly use the following BibTex entry:

@inproceedings{Agarap:2018:BCD:3184066.3184080,
 author = {Agarap, Abien Fred M.},
 title = {On Breast Cancer Detection: An Application of Machine Learning Algorithms on the Wisconsin Diagnostic Dataset},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2Nd International Conference on Machine Learning and Soft Computing},
 series = {ICMLSC '18},
 year = {2018},
 isbn = {978-1-4503-6336-5},
 location = {Phu Quoc Island, Viet Nam},
 pages = {5--9},
 numpages = {5},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3184066.3184080},
 doi = {10.1145/3184066.3184080},
 acmid = {3184080},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, classification, linear regression, machine learning, multilayer perceptron, nearest neighbors, softmax regression, supervised learning, support vector machine, wisconsin diagnostic breast cancer dataset},
}

To cite the repository/software, kindly use the following BibTex entry:

@misc{abien_fred_agarap_2017_1098533,
  author       = {Abien Fred Agarap},
  title        = {AFAgarap/wisconsin-breast-cancer: v0.1.0-alpha},
  month        = dec,
  year         = 2017,
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.1098533},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1098533}
}

Machine Learning (ML) Algorithms

• GRU-SVM
• Linear Regression
• Multilayer Perceptron
• Nearest Neighbor
• Softmax Regression
• L2-SVM

Results

All experiments in this study were conducted on a laptop computer with Intel Core(TM) i5-6300HQ CPU @ 2.30GHz x 4, 16GB of DDR3 RAM, and NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960M 4GB DDR5 GPU.

Figure 1. Training accuracy of the machine learning algorithms on breast cancer detection using WDBC.

Figure 1 shows the training accuracy of the ML algorithms: (1) GRU-SVM finished its training in 2 minutes and 54 seconds with an average training accuracy of 90.6857639%, (2) Linear Regression finished its training in 35 seconds with an average training accuracy of 92.8906257%, (3) MLP finished its training in 28 seconds with an average training accuracy of 96.9286785%, (4) Softmax Regression finished its training in 25 seconds with an average training accuracy of 97.366573%, and (5) L2-SVM finished its training in 14 seconds with an average training accuracy of 97.734375%. There was no recorded training accuracy for Nearest Neighbor search since it does not require any training, as the norm equations (L1 and L2) are directly applied on the dataset to determine the “nearest neighbor” of a given data point p_{i} ∈ p.

Table 1. Summary of experiment results on the machine learning algorithms.

Parameter	GRU-SVM	Linear Regression	MLP	L1-NN	L2-NN	Softmax Regression	L2-SVM
Accuracy	93.75%	96.09375%	99.038449585420729%	93.567252%	94.736844%	97.65625%	96.09375%
Data points	384000	384000	512896	171	171	384000	384000
Epochs	3000	3000	3000	1	1	3000	3000
FPR	16.666667%	10.204082%	1.267042%	6.25%	9.375%	5.769231%	6.382979%
FNR	0	0	0.786157%	6.542056%	2.803738%	0	2.469136%
TPR	100%	100%	99.213843%	93.457944%	97.196262%	100%	97.530864%
TNR	83.333333%	89.795918%	98.732958%	93.75%	90.625%	94.230769%	93.617021%

Table 1 summarizes the results of the experiment on the ML algorithms. The parameters recorded were test accuracy, number of data points (epochs * dataset_size), epochs, false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), true positive rate (FPR), and true negative rate (TNR). All code implementations of the algorithms were written using Python with TensorFlow as the machine intelligence library.

License

Copyright 2017 Abien Fred Agarap

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.