Update all <stdexcept> class references

[Rageking8]

• Split output into another code block and change "Class" to "class"
• Add backticks, simplify redundant relative links, remove trailing empty syntax lines, and update metadata

[prmerger-automator]

@Rageking8 : Thanks for your contribution! The author(s) and reviewer(s) have been notified to review your proposed change.

[learn-build-service-prod]

Learn Build status updates of commit cad9532:

✅ Validation status: passed

File	Status	Preview URL	Details
docs/standard-library/domain-error-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/invalid-argument-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/length-error-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/logic-error-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/out-of-range-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/overflow-error-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/range-error-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/runtime-error-class.md	✅Succeeded
docs/standard-library/underflow-error-class.md	✅Succeeded

For more details, please refer to the build report.

[prmerger-automator]

PRMerger Results

Issue	Description
File Change Percent	This PR contains file(s) with more than 30% file change.

[ttorble]

@TylerMSFT

Can you review the proposed changes?

IMPORTANT: When the changes are ready for publication, adding a #sign-off comment is the best way to signal that the PR is ready for the review team to merge.

#label:"aq-pr-triaged"
@MicrosoftDocs/public-repo-pr-review-team