GH-45166: [CI][C++] Upgrade Alpine Linux to 3.18 from 3.16

[kou]

Rationale for this change

Alpine Linux 3.16 reached EOL.

What changes are included in this PR?

Use Alpine Linux 3.18 that is the oldest maintained version.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [CI][C++] Upgrade Alpine Linux to 3.18 from 3.16 #45166

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #45166 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit test-alpine-linux-cpp

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit test-alpine-linux-cpp

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit test-alpine-linux-cpp

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[kou]

I'll merge this tomorrow for 19.0.0 if nobody objects this.

[pitrou]

Instead of repeating this, can we factor it out?

[kou]

How about 209c60d ?

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions]

Revision: 209c60d

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-313055b85e

Task	Status
example-cpp-minimal-build-static
example-cpp-minimal-build-static-system-dependency
example-cpp-tutorial
test-alpine-linux-cpp
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-20.04-cuda-11.2.2
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-22.04-cuda-11.7.1
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-fedora-39-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-13-bundled
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 4 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit f41f590.

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 9 possible false positives for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.