GH-45381: [CI][Packaging][Conan] Use the latest supported image

[kou]

Rationale for this change

Conan 1 is deprecated. We should use Conan 2.

What changes are included in this PR?

Use "conania/gcc11-ubuntu16.04:2.12.1" because it's the latest version.

Based on
https://github.com/conan-io/conan-docker-tools/blob/master/images/README.md#official-docker-images, "gcc11-ubuntu16.04" is only supported image.

ci/conan/ is synchronized with the latest https://github.com/conan-io/conan-center-index .

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [CI][Packaging] conan nightly jobs are failing with '_HooksOutputErrorCollector' object has no attribute 'warning' #45381

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g conan

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #45381 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g conan

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g conan

[github-actions]

Revision: 0815289

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-4b04f9652b

Task	Status
conan-maximum
conan-minimum

[kou]

+1

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 4 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit f872372.

There were 8 benchmark results with an error:

• Commit Run on arm64-t4g-2xlarge-linux at 2025-01-31 02:33:48Z
  • tpch (R) with engine=arrow, format=native, language=R, memory_map=False, query_id=TPCH-03, scale_factor=1
  • tpch (R) with engine=arrow, format=parquet, language=R, memory_map=False, query_id=TPCH-03, scale_factor=1
• and 6 more (see the report linked below)

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details.