See the interactive SVG version.
Flame Graphs are a way to visualize stack trace samples. They show the sample population across the x-axis, and stack depth on the y-axis. Each function (stack frame) is drawn as a rectangle, with the width relative to the number of samples. You can use the mouse to explore where kernel CPU time is spent, quickly quantifying code-paths and determining where performance tuning efforts are best spent.
The Flame Graphs introduction post includes their full description.