🇺🇸 English | 🇹🇼 繁體中文 | Last updated: 2026-05-01
A cycle-accurate NES (Nintendo Entertainment System) emulator written in C#, developed in collaboration with AI (GitHub Copilot / Claude). The project achieves perfect scores on both the blargg and AccuracyCoin test suites.
Download AprNesAvalonia 2026-04-30 (Windows x64 / Linux x64 / Linux ARM64 / macOS ARM64)
First public preview offering Linux x86_64 / Linux ARM64 / macOS ARM64 binaries alongside the existing Windows x64 build. Cross-platform routing: Windows keeps the hand-written Win32 WaveOut + DirectInput8/XInput backends; other OSes go through Hexa.NET.MiniAudio (audio) + Hexa.NET.SDL3 (gamepad), with prebuilt native libraries bundled in each archive.
⚠️ Maturity status — Only thewin-x64archive is mature and well-tested. The Linux/macOS archives have only been validated via cross-publish compilation; no real-hardware testing feedback yet. Real Pi 5 / Linux desktop / Apple Silicon users are welcome to try and file Issues.📌 Development pause — Active development on aprnesava may pause for a while as the author moves on to other things; known cross-platform issues won't necessarily be fixed promptly.
The previous 2026-04-27 Windows-only release, which introduced GPU CRT + HD-NTSC + .NET 10 SIMD, is also still available here. Highlights from that line:
- ⚡ GPU CRT pipeline — SkSL shader runs on D3D11; CRT post-processing never returns to the CPU. 2.5× presented FPS vs. CPU backends at 10× scale.
- 🎯 HD-NTSC 12× Fsc oversampling — 2048 samples/scanline (NetFx is 1024). Far more accurate chroma demodulation, herringbone, color fringing, and chroma blur reproduction.
- 📦 Self-contained deployment — emulator + .NET 10 runtime + Avalonia + SkiaSharp + native libs all bundled. End users install nothing.
- 🚀 .NET 10 dividends — TieredPGO on,
Vector<T>256-bit AVX2,MultiplyAddEstimateFMA chain. ~30-50% higher emu FPS than NetFx with the same NesCore source. - ✅ Same accuracy — 184/184 blargg + 138/138 AccuracyCoin v2 perfect score on every platform, untouched.
📖 Full feature comparison: aprnesava vs. AprNes NetFx (English) ｜ 繁體中文
The legacy NetFx (.NET Framework 4.8.1 / WinForms) edition remains available for direct download on the project website, but is now in maintenance freeze. New features land on
aprnesavaonly.
AprNes (NetFx edition) reached its target milestone on 2026-04-27 and entered maintenance freeze. Active development has moved to aprnesava (AprNesAvalonia/) — a .NET 10 + Avalonia mainline that shares the exact same NesCore source. Both editions pass the same test suites (184/184 blargg + 138/138 AccuracyCoin); aprnesava additionally adds GPU CRT, HD_NTSC, and the .NET 10 SIMD path.
Cross-platform support landed on 2026-04-30 — Linux x64 / Linux ARM64 / macOS ARM64 binaries are now published alongside Windows x64. Implementation: Platform/MiniAudioBackend.cs (Hexa.NET.MiniAudio, SPSC ring + [UnmanagedCallersOnly] data callback) for audio, Platform/Sdl3GamepadBackend.cs (Hexa.NET.SDL3 in headless SDL_INIT_GAMEPAD mode) for gamepad. Windows keeps its existing hand-written backends. Note: only the Windows build has real-world testing; the Linux/macOS preview lacks user feedback and active development may pause for a while.
This project was developed with AI assistance, with a focus on leveraging modern computing power to explore and implement concepts I wanted to try.
Although AprNes passed all 136 AccuracyCoin tests and the full blargg test suite, real-world testing revealed subtle PPU rendering inaccuracies in certain test ROMs (e.g., scanline-a1 and colorwin_ntsc.nes). Investigation traced the root cause to insufficient precision in the PPU timing model. Attempts to patch the existing architecture proved impractical, leading to the decision to port TriCNES's complete timing architecture — including its per-master-clock execution model and fine-grained PPU state machine — as an equivalent reimplementation.
The TriCNES timing model is significantly more complex than a traditional NES emulator, with a comprehensive finite state machine covering every sub-cycle of PPU, CPU, APU, and DMA interaction. This thoroughness comes at a computational cost: on .NET Framework 4.8.1, the analog rendering pipeline (Ultra NTSC + CRT simulation) at 6x/8x resolution can dip below 60 FPS, despite extensive JIT-level optimization. Resolving this performance gap ultimately requires migrating to .NET 10, where TieredPGO and On-Stack Replacement can offset the overhead of this high-precision timing model — exactly what aprnesava provides.
Two long-form pieces from the recent rounds of hot-loop work — tutorial-style with concrete commits referenced:
- AprNes Non-JIT Optimisation Techniques — 11 sections of hand-coded technique catalogued with real before/after commits: bitwise tricks, branchless code, lookup tables, magic numbers, SWAR, true SIMD, integer-for-float, loop unrolling and ILP, function-pointer dispatch, cache-line aware data layout, redundancy elimination.
- C# JIT and I-Cache Optimisation Tutorial — from the game loop down through CPU cache hierarchy, hot/cold path splitting, the inlining-vs-I-cache tradeoff, multi-core pipelining, thread affinity, and the actual PMU/ETW analysis workflow used in this project.
Long-form pieces written along the way that may be useful for anyone writing their own NES emulator:
- NES Emulator Timing Models — A Comparative Guide — taxonomy of timing accuracy levels (frame / scanline / cycle / dot / sub-cycle).
- Catch-Up Concept in Emulator Design — what catch-up is, when to use it vs. global ticks, and trade-offs.
- AprNes Catch-Up and Structural Optimisation — applied write-up of how AprNes reaches dot-level CPU/PPU sync via the
Mem_r → tick() → 3× ppu_steppattern. - The Per-Scanline NES Emulator Challenge — what it actually takes to pass blargg / AccuracyCoin starting from a per-scanline design.
This project is released under the WTFPL (Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License). You are free to reference, share, use, modify, or incorporate any code from this project into your own work — for any purpose whatsoever — with absolutely no restrictions.
I believe that AI-assisted development builds upon the collective knowledge shared by developers across the internet; it is only fair to give back in the same spirit. I retain no copyright over any part of this project.
See LICENSE for the full license text.
- Website: https://www.baxermux.org/myemu/AprNes/
- GitHub: https://github.com/erspicu/AprNes
- Blargg & misc test report: https://www.baxermux.org/myemu/AprNes/report/index.html
- AccuracyCoin report: https://www.baxermux.org/myemu/AprNes/report/AccuracyCoin_report.html
- Support: https://buymeacoffee.com/baxermux
| Test Suite | Passed | Total | Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blargg (incl. PAL APU) | 184 | 184 | 100% |
| AccuracyCoin (Commit 03385dd) | 138 | 138 | 100% |
AprNes was developed as a learning and research project to understand the NES hardware at cycle-accurate precision. The entire development process — from architecture decisions to bug hunting — was done in close collaboration with AI assistants (GitHub Copilot CLI powered by Claude).
Key references used during development:
- Mesen2 — A highly accurate multi-system emulator. Used extensively as a reference for DMA timing, PPU rendering, and APU behavior.
- TriCNES — An emulator written by the author of the AccuracyCoin test ROM. AprNes's entire timing architecture — per-master-clock execution model, PPU state machine, DMA bus model — was ported from TriCNES as an equivalent reimplementation to achieve maximum cycle-accuracy.
- NESdev Wiki — The authoritative reference for NES hardware documentation.
AprNes/NesCore/— Emulator core (platform-independent simulation layer).CPU.cs— MOS 6502 CPU (full instruction set, cycle-accurate interrupt timing).PPU.cs— Picture Processing Unit (dot-by-dot rendering, VBL/NMI 1-cycle delay model).APU.cs— Audio Processing Unit (5 channels, WaveOut output, DMC DMA).MEM.cs— Memory management, tick model (each Mem_r/Mem_w advances 3 PPU dots + 1 APU cycle).IO.cs— PPU/APU register read/write dispatch ($2000–$2007, $4000–$4017).JoyPad.cs— NES controller strobe/read emulation.Main.cs— Core initialization, run loop, SRAM access API.FDS.cs— Famicom Disk System support (BIOS validation, disk I/O state machine, IRQ timer, wavetable + FM audio).Ntsc.cs— NTSC composite video encoder/decoder (21.477 MHz waveform generation, FIR demodulation, SIMD batch YIQ-to-RGB).CrtScreen.cs— CRT electron beam optics (Gaussian scanline Bloom, curvature, phosphor persistence, SIMD pixel packing).Mapper/— Cartridge mapper implementations (79 mappers, 72 verified).
AprNes/UI/— Windows Forms UI.AprNesUI.cs— Main window (FPS throttle, SRAM save/load, controller events).AprNes_ConfigureUI.cs— Keyboard/gamepad key binding UI.
AprNes/tool/— System helpers and rendering libraries.WaveOutPlayer.cs— WinMM WaveOut audio output.joystick.cs— Dual-API gamepad input (DirectInput8 + XInput).NativeRendering.cs/InterfaceGraphic.cs— GDI direct rendering.libXBRz.cs/LibScanline.cs/Scalex.cs— Screen scaling filters.
AprNes/TestRunner.cs— Headless automated test runner ($6000 protocol, screen stability detection, CRC comparison).
AprNesAvalonia/— Mainline edition (.NET 10 + Avalonia 11.3 + SkiaSharp 3.119, with TieredPGO + ReadyToRun).- Shares the exact same
NesCore/source as the NetFx edition via<Compile Include="../AprNes/NesCore/**/*.cs">— no code duplication; emulation correctness is identical. - Build symbols:
CRT_SIMD_AVAILABLE+CRT_GPU_AVAILABLE+HD_NTSC(NetFx defines none of these — those code paths are .NET 10 / Avalonia only). MainWindow.axaml.cs— Main window (Menu + ContextMenu + StatusBar + GameCanvas).Views/EmuScreenControl.cs— Zero-copy render control (SKBitmap.InstallPixels+ICustomDrawOperationon Avalonia's render thread).Views/ConfigWindow.axaml.cs/AnalogConfigWindow.axaml.cs/AudioPlusConfigWindow.axaml.cs— Multi-tabbed settings windows.CrtGpuRenderThread.cs— Phase 3A render-thread GPU CRT path (leases GPUSKCanvasviaISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature, runs the SkSL shader on D3D11 directly, never reads back to CPU).Shaders/crt_core_*.sksl— Versioned SkSL shaders (Catmull-Rom / Mitchell cubic samplers).ShaderLoader.LoadLatest()auto-picks the newest timestamped version;--crt-shader <filename>overrides.Platform/— Cross-platform abstraction:IAudioBackend(Windows: Win32WaveOutBackend; Linux/macOS: MiniAudioBackend),IGamepadBackend(Windows: Win32GamepadBackend = DirectInput8 + XInput; Linux/macOS: Sdl3GamepadBackend),PlatformFactory.PublishContent/— Release-only assets (ReadMe / configure / tools / benchmark scripts) — auto-included bydotnet publish, excluded from regular builds.TestRunner.cs— Headless test runner (Avalonia Bitmap, no System.Drawing dependency).- Develop:
build_avalonia.bat→AprNesAvalonia/bin/Debug/net10.0/AprNesAvalonia.exe - Single-file release (any of
win-x64/linux-x64/linux-arm64/osx-arm64):→ ~50 MB apphost binary plus the side native libs (dotnet publish AprNesAvalonia/AprNesAvalonia.csproj -c Release -r <RID> \ --self-contained true \ -p:PublishSingleFile=true \ -p:EnableCompressionInSingleFile=true \ -p:DebugType=embedded \ -o publish/AprNesAvalonia-<RID>
libSDL3.so/.dylib,libminiaudio.so/.dylib,libSkiaSharp.so/.dylib,libHarfBuzzSharp.so/.dylib) sitting beside it. Native libs are deliberately not bundled into the single file (csproj has<IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract>false</IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract>) because Hexa.NET'sLibraryLoaderuses rawNativeLibrary.Load("libname")viadlopen, which only finds libs in the apphost's$ORIGIN— not in~/.net/<app>/<hash>/where extracted libs would land.
- Shares the exact same
AprNesWasm/— Blazor WebAssembly build (runs in browser, no install required).- Build:
build_wasm.bat/ Deploy:deploy_wasm.bat
- Build:
nes-test-roms-master/— NES test ROM collection.checked/— 184 blargg test ROMs (CPU, PPU, APU, Mapper timing).AccuracyCoin-main-20260410/— AccuracyCoin accuracy scoring test (Commit 03385dd, 138 sub-tests).
reports/— Auto-generated test reports.report/— Blargg + AccuracyCoin reports for AprNes (WinForms).index.html— Blargg test report (with screenshots).AccuracyCoin_report.html— AccuracyCoin test report.
report-avalonia/— AccuracyCoin report for AprNesAvalonia.
MD/notes/— Development notes and planning documents.AccuracyCoin_TODO.md— AC test progress tracking.DEVELOPMENT.md/TODO.md— Development memos and backlog.NesCore_refactor_proposal.md— NesCore architecture separation proposal.- and more...
MD/bugfix/— Bug fix records (sorted by date, with root cause analysis).MD/Performance/— Performance benchmark records (SIMD_TODO.md, per-version.mdlogs).MD/Mapper/— Mapper implementation status and documentation (MAPPER_STATUS.md).
ref/Mesen2-master/— Full Mesen2 source code (primary reference for DMA/PPU timing).ref/TriCNES-main/— TriCNES source code, original version (with added headless TestRunner; 136/136 AccuracyCoin Commit 62ed684).ref/TriCNES-main-20260410/— TriCNES updated version (build-only, no source; used as reference for SR Latch Pipeline and circuit-level timing).ref/mapper/— Mapper implementation documentation and references.
tools/page_getter/— Web page downloader (Playwright headless browser, bypasses Cloudflare).tools/KeyTest/— Keyboard/gamepad input test utility.tools/JoyTest.cs— Standalone joystick diagnostics tool.tools/gamepad_checker/— Gamepad input checker.tools/knowledgebase/— Collected technical references and notes.
| Script | Purpose |
|---|---|
build.bat / build.ps1 / do_build.bat |
Build AprNes (.NET Framework 4.8.1) |
build_avalonia.bat |
Build AprNesAvalonia (.NET 10 + Avalonia) |
build_wasm.bat / deploy_wasm.bat |
Build/deploy WASM variant |
run_tests.py |
Run all 184 blargg tests (Python, supports -j 10 parallel) |
run_tests_avalonia.py |
Run all 184 blargg tests against AprNesAvalonia |
run_tests.sh |
Run all 184 blargg tests (Bash) |
run_tests_report.sh |
Generate blargg report (JSON + screenshots + HTML → reports/report/) |
run_tests_AccuracyCoin_report.sh |
Generate AccuracyCoin report (→ reports/report/) |
run_tests_AccuracyCoin_avalonia.sh |
Generate AccuracyCoin report for Avalonia build (→ reports/report-avalonia/) |
run_tests_TriCNES.sh |
Run TriCNES comparison tests |
run_ac_test.sh |
Quick single AccuracyCoin page test |
- Language: C#
- Framework: .NET Framework 4.8.1 (AprNes) / .NET 10 (AprNesAvalonia)
- UI: Windows Forms (AprNes) / Avalonia 11 cross-platform (AprNesAvalonia)
- Compiler: MSBuild (VS2022) / dotnet CLI
- Platform: Windows x64 (AprNes); Windows / Linux / macOS / ARM (AprNesAvalonia)
- Unsafe code: Core uses raw pointers (
byte*,uint*) for memory operations
# Build AprNes (WinForms)
powershell -NoProfile -Command "& 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\MSBuild\Current\Bin\MSBuild.exe' 'C:\ai_project\AprNes\AprNes\AprNes.csproj' /p:Configuration=Debug /p:Platform=x64 /nologo /v:minimal"
# Build AprNesAvalonia (.NET 10)
build_avalonia.bat
# Launch GUI
AprNes/bin/Debug/AprNes.exe
AprNesAvalonia/bin/Debug/net10.0/AprNesAvalonia.exe
# Run a test ROM (headless)
AprNes/bin/Debug/AprNes.exe --rom nes-test-roms-master/checked/cpu_timing_test6/cpu_timing_test.nes --wait-result --max-wait 30
# Run all 184 blargg tests
python run_tests.py -j 10| Device | API | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Generic USB gamepad / joystick | DirectInput8 (raw vtable) | Auto-enumerated, excludes XInput devices |
| Xbox 360 / One / Series | XInput (xinput1_4.dll) | Auto-detects players 0–3 |
| Mapper | Representative Games |
|---|---|
| 0 (NROM) | Super Mario Bros., Donkey Kong |
| 1 (MMC1) | The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Mega Man 2 |
| 2 (UxROM) | Mega Man, Castlevania, Ghosts 'n Goblins |
| 3 (CNROM) | Solomon's Key, Gradius |
| 4 (MMC3) | Super Mario Bros. 2/3, Mega Man 3–6 |
| 5 (MMC5) | Castlevania III, Gemfire, L'Empereur |
| 7 (AxROM) | Battletoads, Wizards & Warriors |
| 10 (MMC4) | Fire Emblem, Famicom Wars |
| 11 (Color Dreams) | Crystal Mines, Pesterminator |
| 20 (FDS) | Donkey Kong (FDS), Super Mario Bros. (FDS), Dracula II (FDS) — with FDS wavetable audio |
| 18 (Jaleco SS8806) | Ninja Jajamaru (J), Pizza Pop! (J), Magic John (J) |
| 19 (Namco 163) | Splatterhouse (J), Rolling Thunder 2 (J) — with Namco 163 expansion audio |
| 24 (VRC6) | Akumajou Densetsu (J) — with VRC6 expansion audio |
| 25 (VRC4b/d) | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (J), Gradius II (J) |
| 85 (VRC7) | Lagrange Point (J) — with OPLL (YM2413) FM synthesis audio |
| 21 (VRC4) | Wai Wai World 2 (J), Ganbare Goemon Gaiden 2 (J) |
| 22 (VRC2a) | TwinBee 3 (J) |
| 23 (VRC2b) | Contra (J), Getsufuu Maden (J) |
| 32 (Irem G-101) | Image Fight (J), Major League (J) |
| 33 (Taito TC0190) | Akira (J), Don Doko Don (J) |
| 66 (GxROM) | Dragon Ball (J), Gumshoe (U) |
| 65 (Irem H-3001) | Daiku no Gen San 2 (J) |
| 68 (Sunsoft #4) | After Burner II (J), Maharaja (J) |
| 69 (FME-7/5B) | Batman (J), Gimmick! (J) — with Sunsoft 5B expansion audio |
| 72 (Jaleco JF-17) | Pinball Quest (J), Moero!! Juudou Warriors (J) |
| 75 (VRC1) | Ganbare Goemon! (J), Jajamaru Ninpou Chou (J) |
| 77 (Napoleon Senki) | Napoleon Senki (J) |
| 79 (NINA-03/06) | Blackjack (AVE), Deathbots (AVE) |
| 80 (Taito X1-005) | Minelvaton Saga (J), Fudou Myouou Den (J) |
| 82 (Taito X1-017) | SD Keiji Blader (J), Harikiri Stadium (J) |
| 87 (Jaleco JF-09) | Argus (J), City Connection (J), The Goonies (J) |
| 89 (Sunsoft-2 Ikki) | Tenka no Goikenban - Mito Koumon (J) |
| 93 (Sunsoft-2) | Fantasy Zone (J), Shanghai (J) |
| 97 (Irem TAM-S1) | Kaiketsu Yanchamaru (J) |
| 118 (TxSROM) | Ys III (J), Armadillo (J) |
| 119 (TQROM) | High Speed (U) |
| 180 (Crazy Climber) | Crazy Climber (J) |
| 184 (Sunsoft-1) | Wing of Madoola (J), Atlantis no Nazo (J) |
| 152 (Bandai single-screen) | Arkanoid II (J) |
| 185 (CNROM+protect) | B-Wings (J), Bird Week (J), Mighty Bomb Jack (J) |
| 206 (Namco 108) | Karnov (J), Dragon Slayer 4 (J) |
| 228 (Action 52) | Cheetahmen II (U) |
| 232 (Camerica Quattro) | Quattro Adventure (U), Quattro Sports (U) |
| 9 (MMC2) | Punch-Out!! (U) |
| 13 (CPROM) | Videomation (U) |
| 16 (Bandai FCG) | Dragon Ball (J), Dragon Ball Z (J), Magical Taruruuto-kun (J) |
| 26 (VRC6b) | Madara (J), Esper Dream 2 (J) — with VRC6 expansion audio |
| 29 (Sealie Computing) | Glider Expansion - Mad House (PD) |
| 34 (Nina-1) | Deadly Towers (U), Impossible Mission II (U) |
| 64 (RAMBO-1) | Shinobi (Tengen), Klax (Tengen) |
| 67 (Sunsoft-3) | Fantasy Zone II (J) |
| 70 (Bandai 74161/32) | Kamen Rider Club (J), GeGeGe no Kitaro (J) |
| 71 (Camerica) | Firehawk (U), Linus Spacehead (U) |
| 76 (Namco 109) | Megami Tensei (J), Battle City Hack V4 |
| 78 (Irem 74HC161/32) | Holy Diver (J), Cosmo Carrier (J) |
| 88 (Namco 118) | Dragon Spirit (J), Quinty (J) |
| 90 (JY Company) | Mortal Kombat 2 (Unl) |
| 95 (Namco 118 DxROM) | Dragon Buster (J) |
| 140 (Jaleco JF-11/14) | Doraemon (J), Bio Senshi Dan (J) |
| 154 (Namco 129) | Devil Man (J) |
| 159 (Bandai LZ93D50) | Dragon Ball Z - Kyoushuu Saiya Jin (J) |
| 74 (MMC3 + 2KB CHR-RAM bank 08-09) | Captain Tsubasa II (Chinese hacks), EverQuest (Ch) |
| 96 (Bandai Oeka Kids) | Oeka Kids - Anpanman no Hiragana Daisuki (J), Oeka Kids - Anpanman to Oekaki Shiyou!! (J) |
| 112 (Asder / Ntdec) | Cobra Mission, Fighting Hero III (Unl), Master Shooter, Chik Bik Ji Jin, Huang Di |
| 126 (PowerJoy multicart) | PowerJoy 84-in-1 (PJ-008) |
| 163 (Nanjing) | Final Fantasy VII (Ch), Diablo (NJ037), Da Hua Xi You, Chao Ji Ji Qi Ren Da Zhan A |
| 164 (Waixing 164) | Final Fantasy V (Unl), Pokemon Crystal (Ch), Pokemon Diamond (Ch), Darkseed, Digital Dragon |
| 176 (FK23C / Waixing multicart) | Super 12-in-1, 3-in-1 (ES-Q800C), 4-in-1 (BS-8088 / FK23Cxxxx / KT-220B) |
| 177 (Henggedianzi) | Xing He Zhan Shi, Wang Zi Fu Chou Ji, Mei Guo Fu Hao, Shang Gu Shen Jian, Xing Zhan Qing Yuan |
| 191 (MMC3 + 2KB CHR-RAM bank 0x80-0xFF wrap) | Double Dragon III (J/Chi_madcell), Downtown / Kunio-kun series (Chi_madcell), Mighty Final Fight (Chi_madcell), Q Boy (Sachen) |
| 211 (JY Company) | 2-in-1 Donkey Kong Country + Jungle Book (Unl), 2-in-1 DKC4 + Jungle Book 2 (Unl) |
| 241 (BxROM / Subor) | Hwang Shinwei 12-in-1, Russian Study Cartridge (7/14-in-1), Chao Ji Shu Biao Jin Ka (16-in-1), ABM Study Card |
🇺🇸 English | 🇹🇼 繁體中文 | 最後編修：2026-05-01
使用 C# 開發的 NES（任天堂娛樂系統）cycle-accurate 模擬器，與 AI（GitHub Copilot / Claude）協作開發完成。在 blargg 與 AccuracyCoin 兩大測試套件上均達到滿分。
下載 AprNesAvalonia 2026-04-30（Windows x64 / Linux x64 / Linux ARM64 / macOS ARM64）
首次提供 Linux x86_64 / Linux ARM64 / macOS ARM64 的執行檔，與既有 Windows x64 並列。跨平台路由策略：Windows 沿用手寫的 Win32 WaveOut + DirectInput8/XInput backend；其他作業系統走 Hexa.NET.MiniAudio（音訊）+ Hexa.NET.SDL3（手把），prebuilt native binaries 都已經內建在各自的壓縮檔裡。
⚠️ 成熟度說明 — 目前只有win-x64是經過完整測試的成熟版本。Linux / macOS 三個版本只跑過 cross-publish 編譯驗證，尚無真機回饋。歡迎在 Pi 5 / Linux 桌面 / Apple Silicon 真機上幫忙測試並回報 Issue。📌 開發暫停 — aprnesava 主線開發可能會暫停一段時間（作者要去做別的事），已知跨平台問題不一定會立即修復。
之前的 2026-04-27 Windows 版（GPU CRT + HD-NTSC + .NET 10 SIMD 首次落地）也仍可下載：連結。重點功能：
- ⚡ GPU CRT pipeline — SkSL shader 在 D3D11 上跑，CRT 後處理全程不回 CPU。10× scale 下 presented FPS 比 CPU 後端快 2.5×。
- 🎯 HD-NTSC 12× Fsc 過採樣 — 每 scanline 2048 sample（NetFx 是 1024）。Chroma 解調精度顯著提升，RF 模式下 herringbone、color fringing、chroma blur 還原更接近真實 NTSC 訊號。
- 📦 Self-contained 打包 — emulator + .NET 10 runtime + Avalonia + SkiaSharp + 全部 native lib 封裝完成。end user 不用裝任何東西。
- 🚀 .NET 10 紅利 — TieredPGO 全開、
Vector<T>256-bit AVX2、MultiplyAddEstimateFMA chain。同份 NesCore，emu FPS 比 NetFx 高 30-50%。 - ✅ 精度完全一致 — 184/184 blargg + 138/138 AccuracyCoin v2 雙滿分，每個平台都不變。
📖 完整版本對比：aprnesava vs. AprNes NetFx（中文） ｜ English
舊版 NetFx (.NET Framework 4.8.1 / WinForms) 仍可從官網下載，但已停止主動維護。所有新功能只會在
aprnesava上推出。
AprNes（NetFx 版）於 2026-04-27 達成里程碑目標進入維護凍結。主線開發轉移到 aprnesava（AprNesAvalonia/）—— 基於 .NET 10 + Avalonia、與 NetFx 共用同一份 NesCore 原始碼。兩版都通過相同測試套件（184/184 blargg + 138/138 AccuracyCoin），但 aprnesava 額外加入 GPU CRT、HD_NTSC、.NET 10 SIMD 路徑。
跨平台支援於 2026-04-30 發布 — Linux x64 / Linux ARM64 / macOS ARM64 binaries 已隨 Windows x64 一同上架。實作概念：音訊由 Platform/MiniAudioBackend.cs（Hexa.NET.MiniAudio + SPSC ring + [UnmanagedCallersOnly] data callback）處理，手把由 Platform/Sdl3GamepadBackend.cs（headless SDL_INIT_GAMEPAD 模式的 Hexa.NET.SDL3）處理。Windows 仍維持原本手寫的 backend。注意：目前只有 Windows 版有實際使用測試，Linux/macOS preview 缺乏真機回饋，主線開發可能會暫停一段時間。
本專案由 AI 輔助開發，偏向於利用現代電腦效能來實現一些我想嘗試的概念。
儘管 AprNes 已通過全部 136 項 AccuracyCoin 測試與 blargg 完整測試集，在實際遊玩過程中仍發現部分 PPU 渲染畫面不夠正確（如 scanline-a1 與 colorwin_ntsc.nes）。追查後確認根因是 PPU timing 模型精度不足。由於在現有架構下難以修補相關問題，最終決定將 TriCNES 的完整 timing 架構——包含 per-master-clock 執行模型與精細的 PPU 有限狀態機——進行等價移植（reimplementation）。
TriCNES 的 timing 模型複雜度遠高於一般 NES 模擬器，其有限狀態機完整涵蓋了 PPU、CPU、APU、DMA 之間每個子週期的交互。這種精確性帶來了相當大的運算開銷：在 .NET Framework 4.8.1 上，即使經過大量 JIT 層級的效能優化，開啟類比渲染管線（Ultra NTSC + CRT 模擬）於 6x/8x 解析度時仍可能低於 60 FPS。要根本解決此效能瓶頸，最終需遷移至 .NET 10，借助 TieredPGO 與 On-Stack Replacement 來抵消高精度 timing 模型帶來的運算成本 —— 這正是 aprnesava 提供的方案。
最近一輪熱迴圈優化的兩篇長文，教學風格、每段都引用實際 commit：
- AprNes 非 JIT 級優化技法（English） ｜ 繁體中文 — 11 段手寫優化技法目錄：bit trick (
x & (N-1)取代% N)、branchless、lookup tables、magic number、SWAR、真正 SIMD、integer-for-float (Bresenham / fixed-point)、loop unrolling 與 ILP、function-pointer dispatch、cache-line aware 資料佈局、redundancy elimination。 - C# JIT 與 I-Cache 優化教學（English） ｜ 繁體中文 — 從 game loop 出發，走過 CPU cache hierarchy、hot/cold path 切割、inlining vs I-cache 拉鋸、multi-core pipelining、C# thread affinity，到本專案實際使用的 PMU/ETW 分析流程。
開發過程中順手寫的長文，可能對自己寫 NES 模擬器的人有用：
- NES 模擬器 Timing 模型對照指南（English） ｜ 繁體中文 — Timing 精度等級分類學（frame / scanline / cycle / dot / sub-cycle）。
- Catch-Up 概念（English） ｜ 繁體中文 — catch-up 是什麼、什麼時候用 vs. 全域 tick、各方向 trade-off。
- AprNes Catch-Up 與結構優化（English） ｜ 繁體中文 — 應用版，講 AprNes 怎麼透過
Mem_r → tick() → 3× ppu_step達成 dot-level CPU/PPU 同步。 - Per-Scanline NES 模擬器挑戰（English） ｜ 繁體中文 — 從 per-scanline 設計起步要過 blargg / AccuracyCoin 實際得做哪些事。
本專案採用 WTFPL（Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License）授權。您可以自由地參考、分享、使用、修改或將本專案的程式碼整合到您自己的作品中——用於任何目的——完全沒有任何限制。
我認為 AI 輔助開發建立在網路上每位開發者共享的知識之上，將成果回饋分享是理所當然的。本專案不保留任何著作權。
完整授權條款請見 LICENSE。
- 官方網站: https://www.baxermux.org/myemu/AprNes/
- GitHub: https://github.com/erspicu/AprNes
- blargg 與其他零星測試 ROM 報告: https://www.baxermux.org/myemu/AprNes/report/index.html
- AccuracyCoin 報告: https://www.baxermux.org/myemu/AprNes/report/AccuracyCoin_report.html
- 贊助: https://buymeacoffee.com/baxermux
| 測試套件 | 通過 | 總數 | 通過率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blargg 綜合測試（含 PAL APU） | 184 | 184 | 100% |
| AccuracyCoin（Commit 03385dd） | 138 | 138 | 100% |
AprNes 是一個以追求 cycle-accurate 精度為目標的 NES 硬體模擬研究專案。整個開發過程——從架構設計到深度 bug 排查——都與 AI 助手（GitHub Copilot CLI，由 Claude 驅動）緊密協作完成。
開發過程中參考的重要資源：
- Mesen2 — 高精度多系統模擬器。DMA timing、PPU 渲染與 APU 行為均以此為主要參考。
- TriCNES — 由 AccuracyCoin 測試 ROM 作者親自撰寫的模擬器。AprNes 的完整 timing 架構——per-master-clock 執行模型、PPU 有限狀態機、DMA 匯流排模型——均移植自 TriCNES，以等價翻寫的方式追求最高精確度。
- NESdev Wiki — NES 硬體文件的權威參考來源。
AprNes/NesCore/— 模擬器核心邏輯（純模擬層，不依賴任何系統/UI 函式庫）。CPU.cs— MOS 6502 處理器模擬（全指令集，含 cycle-accurate 中斷時序）。PPU.cs— 圖像處理單元模擬（逐 dot 渲染、VBL/NMI 1-cycle delay model）。APU.cs— 音效處理單元模擬（5 聲道、WaveOut 輸出、DMC DMA）。MEM.cs— 記憶體管理、tick model（每次 Mem_r/Mem_w 推進 3 PPU dots + 1 APU cycle）。IO.cs— PPU/APU 暫存器讀寫分派（$2000-$2007, $4000-$4017）。JoyPad.cs— NES 手把 strobe/read 模擬。Main.cs— 核心初始化、執行迴圈、SRAM 存取 API。FDS.cs— Famicom Disk System 支援（BIOS 驗證、磁碟 I/O 狀態機、IRQ 計時器、wavetable + FM 音效）。Ntsc.cs— NTSC 複合視訊編解碼器（21.477 MHz 波形生成、FIR 解調、SIMD 批次 YIQ 轉 RGB）。CrtScreen.cs— CRT 電子束光學模擬（高斯掃描線 Bloom、曲面變形、磷光持續、SIMD 像素打包）。Mapper/— 各類遊戲卡匣控制晶片實作（79 種 Mapper，72 個通過人工驗證）。
AprNes/UI/— 基於 Windows Forms 的使用者介面。AprNesUI.cs— 主視窗（FPS 節流、SRAM 讀寫、手把事件）。AprNes_ConfigureUI.cs— 鍵盤/手把按鍵設定視窗。
AprNes/tool/— 系統層輔助工具與渲染函式庫。WaveOutPlayer.cs— WinMM WaveOut 音訊輸出。joystick.cs— 雙 API 手把輸入（DirectInput8 + XInput）。NativeRendering.cs/InterfaceGraphic.cs— GDI 直接繪圖。libXBRz.cs/LibScanline.cs/Scalex.cs— 畫面放大濾鏡。
AprNes/TestRunner.cs— 自動化測試執行器（headless 模式，支援 $6000 協定、畫面穩定偵測、CRC 比對）。
AprNesAvalonia/— 主線版本（.NET 10 + Avalonia 11.3 + SkiaSharp 3.119，啟用 TieredPGO + ReadyToRun）。- 透過
<Compile Include="../AprNes/NesCore/**/*.cs">共用 NetFx 版相同的NesCore/原始碼 —— 無程式碼複製，模擬精度完全一致。 - Build symbol:
CRT_SIMD_AVAILABLE+CRT_GPU_AVAILABLE+HD_NTSC（NetFx 不定義其中任何一個 —— 這些路徑只在 .NET 10 / Avalonia 編譯）。 MainWindow.axaml.cs— 主視窗（Menu + ContextMenu + StatusBar + GameCanvas）。Views/EmuScreenControl.cs— 零拷貝渲染控件（在 Avalonia render thread 上用SKBitmap.InstallPixels+ICustomDrawOperation）。Views/ConfigWindow.axaml.cs/AnalogConfigWindow.axaml.cs/AudioPlusConfigWindow.axaml.cs— 多分頁設定視窗。CrtGpuRenderThread.cs— Phase 3A render-thread GPU CRT 路徑（透過ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature取得 GPU 後端的SKCanvas，SkSL shader 直接在 D3D11 上執行，全程不回 CPU）。Shaders/crt_core_*.sksl— 版本化 SkSL shaders（Catmull-Rom / Mitchell 立方採樣）。ShaderLoader.LoadLatest()自動挑時間戳最新的版本；可用--crt-shader <檔名>切換。Platform/— 跨平台抽象層：IAudioBackend（Windows: Win32WaveOutBackend；Linux/macOS: MiniAudioBackend）、IGamepadBackend（Windows: Win32GamepadBackend = DirectInput8 + XInput；Linux/macOS: Sdl3GamepadBackend）、PlatformFactory。PublishContent/— Release-only 資源（ReadMe / configure / tools / benchmark 指令稿） ——dotnet publish自動帶入，平常 build 不會複製。TestRunner.cs— Headless 測試執行器（使用 Avalonia Bitmap，不依賴 System.Drawing）。- 開發版：
build_avalonia.bat→AprNesAvalonia/bin/Debug/net10.0/AprNesAvalonia.exe - Single-file 發行版（RID 可換成
win-x64/linux-x64/linux-arm64/osx-arm64）：→ 主執行檔約 50 MB，旁邊放著 native libs（dotnet publish AprNesAvalonia/AprNesAvalonia.csproj -c Release -r <RID> \ --self-contained true \ -p:PublishSingleFile=true \ -p:EnableCompressionInSingleFile=true \ -p:DebugType=embedded \ -o publish/AprNesAvalonia-<RID>
libSDL3.so/.dylib、libminiaudio.so/.dylib、libSkiaSharp.so/.dylib、libHarfBuzzSharp.so/.dylib）。Native libs 故意不打進 single-file 內（csproj 設定<IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract>false</IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract>）—— 因為 Hexa.NET 的LibraryLoader用 rawNativeLibrary.Load("libname")走dlopen，只會找 apphost 的$ORIGIN目錄，不會看~/.net/<app>/<hash>/解壓出來的位置。
- 透過
AprNesWasm/— Blazor WebAssembly 版本（瀏覽器內執行，無需安裝）。- 建置：
build_wasm.bat/ 部署：deploy_wasm.bat
- 建置：
nes-test-roms-master/— NES 測試 ROM 集合。checked/— 184 個 blargg 測試 ROM（CPU、PPU、APU、Mapper 時序驗證，含 PAL APU）。AccuracyCoin-main-20260410/— AccuracyCoin 精確度評分測試（Commit 03385dd，138 項子測試）。
reports/— 自動產生的測試報告。report/— AprNes（WinForms）blargg + AccuracyCoin 報告。index.html— blargg 測試報告（含截圖）。AccuracyCoin_report.html— AccuracyCoin 測試報告。
report-avalonia/— AprNesAvalonia 的 AccuracyCoin 報告。
MD/notes/— 開發筆記與規劃文件。AccuracyCoin_TODO.md— AC 測試進度追蹤。DEVELOPMENT.md/TODO.md— 開發備忘與待辦事項。NesCore_refactor_proposal.md— NesCore 系統層分離設計提案。- 及其他規劃與研究文件。
MD/bugfix/— Bug 修復詳細記錄（按日期排序，含根因分析與驗證結果）。MD/Performance/— 效能基準測試記錄（SIMD_TODO.md、各版本.md測試日誌）。MD/Mapper/— Mapper 實作狀態與文件（MAPPER_STATUS.md）。
ref/Mesen2-master/— Mesen2 模擬器完整源碼（主要參考，DMA/PPU timing）。ref/TriCNES-main/— TriCNES 模擬器源碼，原始版本（含我們加入的 headless TestRunner；AccuracyCoin Commit 62ed684 136/136）。ref/TriCNES-main-20260410/— TriCNES 更新版本（僅含建置檔，無原始碼；用於 SR Latch Pipeline 與電路級時序參考）。ref/mapper/— Mapper 實作文件與參考資料。
tools/page_getter/— 網頁下載工具（Playwright 無頭瀏覽器，繞過 Cloudflare）。tools/KeyTest/— 鍵盤/手把輸入測試工具。tools/JoyTest.cs— 獨立搖桿診斷工具。tools/gamepad_checker/— 手把輸入檢測工具。tools/knowledgebase/— 技術參考文件收藏。
| 腳本 | 用途 |
|---|---|
build.bat / build.ps1 / do_build.bat |
編譯 AprNes（.NET Framework 4.8.1） |
build_avalonia.bat |
編譯 AprNesAvalonia（.NET 10 + Avalonia） |
build_wasm.bat / deploy_wasm.bat |
編譯/部署 WASM 版本 |
run_tests.py |
跑 184 個 blargg 測試（Python，支援 -j 10 並行） |
run_tests_avalonia.py |
對 AprNesAvalonia 跑 184 個 blargg 測試 |
run_tests.sh |
跑 184 個 blargg 測試（Bash） |
run_tests_report.sh |
產生 blargg 測試報告（JSON + 截圖 + HTML → reports/report/） |
run_tests_AccuracyCoin_report.sh |
產生 AccuracyCoin 測試報告（→ reports/report/） |
run_tests_AccuracyCoin_avalonia.sh |
產生 Avalonia 版 AccuracyCoin 報告（→ reports/report-avalonia/） |
run_tests_TriCNES.sh |
跑 TriCNES 對照測試（184 ROM） |
run_ac_test.sh |
快速跑單項 AC 測試 |
- 語言: C#
- 框架: .NET Framework 4.8.1（AprNes）/ .NET 10（AprNesAvalonia）
- UI: Windows Forms（AprNes）/ Avalonia 11 跨平台（AprNesAvalonia）
- 編譯器: MSBuild（VS2022）/ dotnet CLI
- 平台: Windows x64（AprNes）；Windows / Linux / macOS / ARM（AprNesAvalonia）
- Unsafe code: 核心使用原始指標（
byte*,uint*）進行記憶體操作
# 編譯 AprNes (WinForms)
powershell -NoProfile -Command "& 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\MSBuild\Current\Bin\MSBuild.exe' 'C:\ai_project\AprNes\AprNes\AprNes.csproj' /p:Configuration=Debug /p:Platform=x64 /nologo /v:minimal"
# 編譯 AprNesAvalonia (.NET 10)
build_avalonia.bat
# 啟動 GUI
AprNes/bin/Debug/AprNes.exe
AprNesAvalonia/bin/Debug/net10.0/AprNesAvalonia.exe
# 跑測試 ROM（headless）
AprNes/bin/Debug/AprNes.exe --rom nes-test-roms-master/checked/cpu_timing_test6/cpu_timing_test.nes --wait-result --max-wait 30
# 跑全部 184 個測試
python run_tests.py -j 10| 裝置類型 | API | 說明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般 USB 手把 / 老式搖桿 | DirectInput8（raw vtable） | 自動列舉，排除 XInput 裝置 |
| Xbox 360 / Xbox One / Xbox Series | XInput（xinput1_4.dll） | 自動偵測 player 0–3 |
| Mapper | 代表遊戲 |
|---|---|
| 0 (NROM) | 超級瑪利歐兄弟、大金剛 |
| 1 (MMC1) | 薩爾達傳說、銀河戰士、洛克人 2 |
| 2 (UxROM) | 洛克人、惡魔城、鬼屋魔域 |
| 3 (CNROM) | 所羅門的鑰匙、乃木坂 |
| 4 (MMC3) | 超級瑪利歐兄弟 2/3、洛克人 3–6 |
| 5 (MMC5) | 惡魔城傳說、Gemfire、L'Empereur |
| 7 (AxROM) | 熱血格鬥、騎士精英 |
| 10 (MMC4) | 火焰紋章、FC 大戰 |
| 11 (Color Dreams) | Crystal Mines、Pesterminator |
| 20 (FDS) | 大金剛（FDS）、超級瑪利歐兄弟（FDS）、德乃伯拉 II（FDS）— 含 FDS wavetable 音效 |
| 18 (Jaleco SS8806) | 忍者じゃじゃ丸（日）、Pizza Pop!（日）、Magic John（日） |
| 19 (Namco 163) | Splatterhouse（日）、Rolling Thunder 2（日）— 含 Namco 163 擴展音效 |
| 24 (VRC6) | 悪魔城伝説（日）— 含 VRC6 擴展音效 |
| 25 (VRC4b/d) | 忍者龜（日）、沙羅曼蛇 II（日） |
| 85 (VRC7) | Lagrange Point（日）— 含 OPLL (YM2413) FM 合成音效 |
| 21 (VRC4) | Wai Wai World 2（日）、がんばれゴエモン外伝 2（日） |
| 22 (VRC2a) | TwinBee 3（日） |
| 23 (VRC2b) | 魂斗羅（日）、月風魔傳（日） |
| 32 (Irem G-101) | Image Fight（日）、Major League（日） |
| 33 (Taito TC0190) | Akira（日）、Don Doko Don（日） |
| 66 (GxROM) | 七龍珠（日）、Gumshoe (U) |
| 65 (Irem H-3001) | 大工の源さん 2（日） |
| 68 (Sunsoft #4) | After Burner II（日）、Maharaja（日） |
| 69 (FME-7/5B) | 蝙蝠俠（日）、Gimmick!（日） — 含 Sunsoft 5B 擴展音效 |
| 72 (Jaleco JF-17) | Pinball Quest（日）、Moero!! 柔道戰士（日） |
| 75 (VRC1) | がんばれゴエモン!（日）、じゃじゃ丸忍法帳（日） |
| 77 (Napoleon Senki) | Napoleon 戰記（日） |
| 79 (NINA-03/06) | Blackjack (AVE)、Deathbots (AVE) |
| 80 (Taito X1-005) | ミネルバトンサーガ（日）、不動明王伝（日） |
| 82 (Taito X1-017) | SD 刑事ブレイダー（日）、はりきりスタジアム（日） |
| 87 (Jaleco JF-09) | Argus（日）、City Connection（日）、The Goonies（日） |
| 89 (Sunsoft-2 Ikki) | 天下のご意見番 水戸黄門（日） |
| 93 (Sunsoft-2) | Fantasy Zone（日）、上海（日） |
| 97 (Irem TAM-S1) | 快傑やんちゃ丸（日） |
| 118 (TxSROM) | Ys III（日）、Armadillo（日） |
| 119 (TQROM) | High Speed (U) |
| 180 (Crazy Climber) | Crazy Climber（日） |
| 184 (Sunsoft-1) | 魔導拉之翼（日）、アトランチスの謎（日） |
| 152 (Bandai single-screen) | Arkanoid II（日） |
| 185 (CNROM+protect) | B-Wings（日）、Bird Week（日）、Mighty Bomb Jack（日） |
| 206 (Namco 108) | Karnov（日）、Dragon Slayer 4（日） |
| 228 (Action 52) | Cheetahmen II (U) |
| 232 (Camerica Quattro) | Quattro Adventure (U)、Quattro Sports (U) |
| 9 (MMC2) | 乒乓拳擊!! (U) |
| 13 (CPROM) | Videomation (U) |
| 16 (Bandai FCG) | 七龍珠（日）、七龍珠Z（日）、Magical Taruruuto-kun（日） |
| 26 (VRC6b) | 摩陀羅（日）、Esper Dream 2（日）— 含 VRC6 擴展音效 |
| 29 (Sealie Computing) | Glider Expansion - Mad House (PD) |
| 34 (Nina-1) | Deadly Towers (U)、Impossible Mission II (U) |
| 64 (RAMBO-1) | 忍 Shinobi (Tengen)、Klax (Tengen) |
| 67 (Sunsoft-3) | Fantasy Zone II（日） |
| 70 (Bandai 74161/32) | 假面騎士俱樂部（日）、鬼太郎（日） |
| 71 (Camerica) | Firehawk (U)、Linus Spacehead (U) |
| 76 (Namco 109) | 女神轉生（日）、Battle City Hack V4 |
| 78 (Irem 74HC161/32) | Holy Diver（日）、宇宙船 Cosmo Carrier（日） |
| 88 (Namco 118) | Dragon Spirit（日）、Quinty（日） |
| 90 (JY Company) | Mortal Kombat 2 (Unl) |
| 95 (Namco 118 DxROM) | Dragon Buster（日） |
| 140 (Jaleco JF-11/14) | 哆啦A夢（日）、Bio Senshi Dan（日） |
| 154 (Namco 129) | 惡魔人（日） |
| 159 (Bandai LZ93D50) | 七龍珠Z 強襲賽亞人（日） |
| 74 (MMC3 + 2KB CHR-RAM bank 08-09) | 足球小將 II 系列中文化 hack、EverQuest（中） |
| 96 (Bandai Oeka Kids / 太鼓筆) | Anpanman 平假名（日）、Anpanman 畫圖（日） |
| 112 (Asder / Ntdec) | Cobra Mission、Fighting Hero III、Master Shooter、赤壁之戰、黃帝 |
| 126 (PowerJoy multicart) | PowerJoy 84-in-1 (PJ-008) |
| 163 (Nanjing / 南晶) | 太空戰士 VII（中）、暗黑破壞神 Diablo、大話西遊、超級機器人大戰 A |
| 164 (Waixing 164) | 太空戰士 V（中）、口袋水晶版、口袋鑽石版、Darkseed、Digital Dragon |
| 176 (FK23C / 外星多合一晶片) | 超級 12-in-1、3-in-1 (ES-Q800C)、4-in-1 (BS-8088 / FK23Cxxxx / KT-220B) |
| 177 (恒格電子 Henggedianzi) | 星河戰士、王子復仇記、美國富豪、上古神劍、星戰情緣 |
| 191 (MMC3 + 2KB CHR-RAM bank 0x80-0xFF wrap) | 雙截龍 III（中）、熱血物語／國夫君系列（中）、Mighty Final Fight（中）、Q Boy |
| 211 (JY Company 211) | 2-in-1 Donkey Kong Country + Jungle Book、2-in-1 DKC4 + Jungle Book 2 |
| 241 (BxROM / Subor) | 黃信維 12-in-1、俄羅斯學習卡帶 (7/14-in-1)、超級數學金卡 (16-in-1)、ABM 學習卡 |