[WIP] Bump go toolchain to 1.24.0

[ivanvc]

Part of #19417

Please read https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#contribution-flow.

[k8s-ci-robot]

Skipping CI for Draft Pull Request.
If you want CI signal for your change, please convert it to an actual PR.
You can still manually trigger a test run with /test all

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: ivanvc
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[ivanvc]

/test all

[k8s-ci-robot]

@ivanvc: The following tests failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
pull-etcd-verify	b8ce7e7	link	true	/test pull-etcd-verify
pull-etcd-govulncheck	b8ce7e7	link	true	/test pull-etcd-govulncheck
pull-etcd-unit-test-386	b8ce7e7	link	true	/test pull-etcd-unit-test-386
pull-etcd-unit-test-arm64	b8ce7e7	link	true	/test pull-etcd-unit-test-arm64
pull-etcd-unit-test-amd64	b8ce7e7	link	true	/test pull-etcd-unit-test-amd64

Full PR test history. Your PR dashboard. Please help us cut down on flakes by linking to an open issue when you hit one in your PR.

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