Clean up exceptions

[chhwang]

• Expose C++ exceptions to the Python module
• Refine error types

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 43.79562% with 77 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 90.72%. Comparing base (877b0e6) to head (cf96f0e).

Files	Patch %	Lines
ark/model/model_op.cpp	0.00%	12 Missing ⚠️
ark/model/model_graph_impl.cpp	0.00%	11 Missing ⚠️
ark/model/model_tensor.cpp	53.33%	7 Missing ⚠️
ark/include/ark/error.hpp	50.00%	5 Missing ⚠️
ark/model/model_json.cpp	77.27%	5 Missing ⚠️
ark/ops/ops_matmul.cpp	50.00%	5 Missing ⚠️
ark/model/model_buffer.cpp	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
ark/codegen.cpp	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
ark/model/model_op_arg.cpp	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
ark/ops/ops_cast.cpp	50.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
... and 11 more

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #229      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   90.55%   90.72%   +0.16%     
==========================================
  Files         102      102              
  Lines        3927     3923       -4     
==========================================
+ Hits         3556     3559       +3     
+ Misses        371      364       -7     

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