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added an 'open' section to the site #75
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id: open-data | ||
title: Open Data | ||
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Open data is the concept of making data freely available to everyone, without restrictions on access or reuse. By embracing open data practices, researchers, organizations, and governments can promote transparency, foster collaboration, and drive innovation across various domains. | ||
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## Key Principles of Open Data | ||
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1. **Accessibility:** Ensuring that data is easily discoverable, accessible, and available in open, non-proprietary formats. | ||
2. **Reusability:** Enabling data to be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone, subject only to attribution requirements or share-alike restrictions. | ||
3. **Interoperability:** Providing data in standardized formats and with appropriate metadata to facilitate integration and combination with other datasets. | ||
4. **Transparency:** Making data collection methodologies, data processing techniques, and data quality assessments openly available for scrutiny and validation. | ||
5. **Privacy and Security:** Implementing measures to protect personal privacy, maintain data confidentiality, and ensure data integrity and security. | ||
6. **Sustainability:** Ensuring long-term preservation, curation, and accessibility of open data through appropriate data management practices and infrastructure. | ||
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## Key Practices of Open Data | ||
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1. **Data Sharing:** Publishing data in open repositories, data journals, or online platforms, accompanied by comprehensive metadata and documentation. | ||
2. **Open Licensing:** Applying open licenses (e.g., Creative Commons, Open Data Commons) to data, enabling reuse, redistribution, and integration with other datasets. | ||
3. **Data Management Planning:** Developing and adhering to data management plans that outline data collection, processing, documentation, and sharing strategies. | ||
4. **Data Curation and Preservation:** Implementing practices for data cleaning, quality assurance, and long-term preservation to ensure data integrity and usability over time. | ||
5. **Data Citation:** Promoting the practice of citing data sources and assigning persistent identifiers (e.g., DOIs) to enable proper attribution and tracking of data usage. | ||
6. **Open Data Advocacy:** Advocating for open data principles and practices within organizations, communities, and policymaking bodies, fostering cultural shifts toward data openness and transparency. | ||
7. **Open Data Literacy:** Providing training and educational resources to enhance understanding and skills related to open data management, analysis, and utilization. | ||
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By embracing these principles and practices, researchers, organizations, and governments can unlock the potential of open data, enabling data-driven discoveries, fostering collaboration, and driving innovation across various sectors, ultimately benefiting society as a whole. |
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id: open | ||
title: The "Open" Landscape | ||
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Open Source with SLU is a champion and resource for all things "open" at Saint Louis University. Open science, open scholarship, open data, and open source software are closely interrelated concepts that collectively aim to promote transparency, accessibility, and collaboration in research, education, and knowledge dissemination. While each concept has its unique focus, they share common goals and principles, and their implementation reinforces one another. | ||
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## Open Source Software | ||
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Open source software enables collaborative research and sustainable innovation. | ||
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Open source software is a set of principles and practices. The most obvious practice is making the human-readable "source" code for software freely available for use, study, modification, and distribution. This fosters transparency, collaboration, and continuous improvement. Open source principles promote transparency by making code openly accessible, aligning with reproducibility goals in research. Open source solutions provide cost-effective, customizable alternatives to proprietary software, promoting vendor independence and long-term sustainability. The collaborative nature of open source communities drives sustained innovation and robust software development through diverse contributions and knowledge sharing. | ||
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Research software, a specific category of open source software, plays a crucial role in enabling open science and open scholarship practices. Research software benefits from open source practices, enabling reproducible research workflows, data analysis tools, and collaborative platforms. The adoption of open source research software facilitates open access, open data, and open educational resource initiatives, fostering an ecosystem of shared knowledge and collaboration across disciplines. By embracing open source software, researchers and scholars can drive innovation, enhance software quality, and contribute to a culture of openness in academia. | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Not all research software is open source, so saying that research software is a specific category of open source software is not quite accurate. Maybe "When research software is aligned with open source principles, it plays a critical role ..." |
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## Open Science | ||
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Open Science promotes transparency and reproducibility in research. | ||
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Open science is a movement that advocates for transparency, collaboration, and accessibility in scientific research. By embracing open practices such as open data, open access publishing, open source software, open peer review, and open collaboration, researchers can enhance the quality, reproducibility, and impact of their work. Open science principles and practices are fundamental to enabling Open Scholarship and Open Data. | ||
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## Open Scholarship | ||
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Open Scholarship fosters openness across academic activities. | ||
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Open scholarship extends the principles of openness beyond scientific research to encompass all scholarly activities, including teaching, learning, and public engagement. It embraces open access publishing, open educational resources, open collaboration, open peer review, and open advocacy. Open scholarship promotes the free exchange of knowledge, fosters equity and inclusivity, and enhances the societal impact of academic work. | ||
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## Open Data | ||
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Open data enables data-driven discoveries and sustainable innovation. | ||
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Open data refers to the practice of making data freely available for everyone to access, reuse, and redistribute. By embracing open data principles such as accessibility, reusability, interoperability, and transparency, researchers, organizations, and governments can unlock the potential of data-driven discoveries, foster collaboration, and drive innovation across various sectors. | ||
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## An Interconnected Landscape | ||
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These four concepts are interconnected and mutually reinforcing: | ||
* **Open Science enables Open Data and Open Source Software:** Open science practices, such as preregistration, reproducible research, and open notebooks, promote the sharing and reuse of research data and software, aligning with open data and open source principles. | ||
* **Open Data and Open Source Software fuel Open Science:** The availability of open data and open source software facilitates new scientific discoveries, enables validation of research findings, and supports the principles of open science, such as transparency and reproducibility. | ||
* **Open Scholarship integrates Open Science, Open Data, and Open Source Software:** Open scholarship embraces open science principles and practices, while also promoting open data sharing, open source software utilization, and their integration across diverse scholarly activities, including teaching, learning, and public engagement. | ||
* **Open Scholarship fosters Open Science, Open Data, and Open Source Software:** By advocating for openness in academia, open scholarship encourages the adoption of open science, open data, and open source software practices, fostering a culture of transparency and collaboration. | ||
* **Open Source Software enables Open Science and Open Scholarship:** The use of open source software tools and platforms facilitates open science practices, such as reproducible research and open collaboration, while also supporting open scholarship activities like open publishing and open educational practices. | ||
* **Open Data and Open Science drive Open Source Software development:** The availability of open data and the need for open, transparent, and reproducible research practices fuel the development and adoption of open source software solutions tailored for scientific and scholarly purposes. | ||
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There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. This is kind of a lot to process. I think the message would be easier to comprehend if this was some kind of diagram, demonstrating interconnected-ness. |
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By understanding and embracing the interconnected nature of open science, open scholarship, open data, and open source software, researchers, educators, and Saint Louis University can create a more transparent, collaborative, and impactful ecosystem for knowledge creation, dissemination, and application. | ||
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## Research Funding Mandates for Open Scholarship and Open Science | ||
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In recent years governmental and private funding agencies have implemented various mandates and policies to promote open scholarship, open science, and data sharing practices. These mandates aim to increase transparency, accessibility, and reproducibility in federally funded research, while also maximizing the impact and societal benefits of publicly funded research outputs. Here's a summary of some key federal funding mandates: | ||
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### Open Data Mandates | ||
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* **NIH Public Access Policy (2008):** | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. A link to this policy would add credibility. |
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* Requires that all peer-reviewed journal articles resulting from NIH-funded research be made publicly available on PubMed Central no later than 12 months after publication. | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. It's a bit awkward to have a bullet list with one bullet. Would it make sense to move the sub-bullet list on the same line as NIH Public Access Policy (2008)? There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. This seems like it belongs in the Open Access Mandates, not Open Data Mandates. |
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* **OSTP Public Access Memo (2013):** | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. A link to this document would be helpful (it would also help to understand what OSTP is). |
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* Directed federal agencies with annual extramural research and development expenditures over $100 million to develop plans for increasing public access to publications and digital data resulting from federally funded research. | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Same comment about a bullet list with one bullet. There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. This seems like it belongs in the open access mandates, not open data mandates. |
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* **DOE Public Access Plan (2014):** | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Please add a link to this document, if possible. |
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* Requires that accepted peer-reviewed manuscripts resulting from DOE-funded research be made publicly available within 12 months of publication. | ||
* Mandates the development of data management plans and encourages the deposition of data in public repositories. | ||
* **NSF Public Access Plan (2015):** | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Please add a link to this document, if possible. |
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* Mandates that either the version of record or the final accepted manuscript of journal articles and juried conference papers resulting from NSF-funded research be made publicly available no later than 12 months after publication. | ||
* Requires data management plans for all new proposals and encourages the deposition of data in public repositories. | ||
* **NSF Data Sharing Policy (2023):** | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Please add a link to this document. |
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* Establishes requirements for NSF-funded researchers to share data, software, and other digital products of NSF-funded research. | ||
* Mandates the deposition of data and other digital products into designated repositories, unless specific exemptions apply. | ||
* Encourages the use of open repositories, formats, and licenses to maximize accessibility and reuse. | ||
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### Open Access Mandates | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Reading over the Open Data Mandates and Open Access Mandates, I think they are somewhat tangled together. For example, "NSF Data Sharing Policy (2023)" has elements of open data mandate and open access mandate. The split between the two categories seems arbitrary. I wonder if it should just be one sub-section: Open Data and Open Access Mandates, listing out all of these mandates. Adding links to those policies would be useful. |
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* **NASA Plan for Increasing Access to the Results of Scientific Research (2014):** | ||
* Requires that all NASA-funded authors deposit final peer-reviewed manuscripts into NASA's institutional repository, PubSpace, to be made publicly accessible within one year of publication. | ||
* Encourages the deposition of research data into publicly accessible repositories and the development of data management plans. | ||
* **Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA) (Proposed):** | ||
* This proposed legislation would require federal agencies to develop policies ensuring that unclassified research funded by the agency is made publicly accessible online within 12 months of publication. | ||
* **Plan S (International):** | ||
* An initiative from a coalition of research funders, including some U.S. agencies, that requires all scholarly publications resulting from their funded research to be published in open access journals or platforms by 2025. | ||
* **Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Open Access Policy:** | ||
* Requires that all peer-reviewed publications resulting from foundation-funded research be made openly accessible and available immediately upon publication. | ||
* Encourages the deposition of data in open repositories and the use of open data standards. | ||
* **Wellcome Trust Open Access Policy:** | ||
* Mandates that all research publications resulting from Wellcome Trust funding be made freely available through approved open access repositories or journals. | ||
* Requires the development of data management and sharing plans for all funded projects. | ||
* **Ford Foundation Open Licensing Policy:** | ||
* Requires that all grant-funded work products, including publications, data, and software, be licensed under an open license (e.g., Creative Commons, Open Data Commons) to facilitate reuse and redistribution. | ||
* **Arnold Ventures Open Science Initiative:** | ||
* Supports efforts to promote open science practices, such as preregistration, open data sharing, and research transparency. | ||
* Funds projects and initiatives that develop tools, resources, and infrastructure to enable open science practices. | ||
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### Additional Policies and Initiatives | ||
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* **OSTP Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022):** | ||
* Provides guidance on desirable characteristics for data repositories used to store and provide access to federal data. | ||
* **OSTP Guidance on Improving Rigor and Integrity in Research (2022):** | ||
* Encourages the use of open science practices, such as preregistration, transparency in data and code sharing, and open communication. | ||
* **OSTP Nelson Memorandum on Scientific Integrity (2022):** | ||
* Promotes the open and objective communication of scientific facts and data, emphasizing transparency and public access to federally funded research. | ||
* **NASA Scientific Information Policy (2022):** | ||
* Establishes principles and requirements for the open dissemination of NASA scientific and technical information, including publications, data, and software. | ||
* Mandates that NASA-funded research publications and associated data be made publicly accessible through designated repositories. | ||
* Requires the use of open data formats and open-source software when possible. | ||
* **NASA's Transform to Open Science (TOPS) Initiative:** | ||
* A collaborative effort with the scientific community to develop policies, practices, and tools to support open science at NASA. | ||
* Aims to promote open data, open-source software, open publications, and open collaborative platforms for NASA-funded research. | ||
* **NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG):** | ||
* Includes guidelines and requirements for data management plans, open access publishing, and sharing of other research products. | ||
* Encourages the use of open-source software and open data standards to promote transparency and reproducibility. | ||
* **NSF Software Sustainability Plans:** | ||
* Encourages the development of software sustainability plans for research projects involving significant software development efforts. | ||
* Promotes the adoption of open source practices, including version control, automated testing, and documentation. | ||
* **Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Initiatives:** | ||
* Supporting open source software projects and infrastructure for scientific research and academic applications. | ||
* Funding initiatives for open access publishing platforms and open access in specific fields. | ||
* Promoting open data sharing, reproducible research, and computational approaches through data repositories and tool development. | ||
* Advocating for open science practices and fostering collaboration among stakeholders from academia, industry, and government. | ||
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These mandates and policies reflect a growing commitment from federal funding agencies to foster open scholarship, open science, and data sharing practices, ultimately aiming to enhance research transparency, reproducibility, and public access to federally funded research outputs. |
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id: open-scholarship | ||
title: Open Scholarship | ||
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Open scholarship is a concept that extends the principles of openness beyond scientific research to encompass all scholarly activities, including teaching, learning, and public engagement. By embracing open practices, scholars can enhance the accessibility, transparency, and impact of their work, fostering a more inclusive and collaborative academic ecosystem. | ||
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Saint Louis University is a member of [HELIOS Open](https://www.heliosopen.org/). | ||
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## Key Principles of Open Scholarship | ||
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* **Open Access:** Making scholarly publications, educational resources, and research outputs freely available online, without subscription barriers, to facilitate widespread dissemination and knowledge sharing. | ||
* **Open Data:** Sharing research data, along with appropriate metadata and documentation, to enable reuse, validation, and new discoveries across disciplines. | ||
* **Open Source:** Utilizing and contributing to open source software, tools, and platforms, fostering collaboration, transparency, and cost-effectiveness in scholarly practices. | ||
* **Open Peer Review:** Embracing transparent and inclusive peer review processes, where reviews are openly available, promoting accountability and constructive feedback. | ||
* **Open Pedagogy:** Encouraging the creation, adaptation, and sharing of open educational resources (OERs) and open pedagogical practices, fostering equity and innovation in teaching and learning. | ||
* **Open Collaboration:** Engaging in collaborative scholarly practices, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations, and embracing diverse perspectives to tackle complex challenges. | ||
* **Open Science:** Applying open science principles, such as preregistration, reproducible research, and open notebooks, to enhance the transparency and reproducibility of scientific research. | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. What is preregistration? There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. I found the answer later, when reviewing science.md. So there's definitely an overlap between Open Scholarship and Open Science (and other open things). Maybe an opportunity for a Venn diagram to visualize this overlap? |
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## Key Practices of Open Scholarship | ||
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* **Open Publishing:** Utilizing open access publishing models, such as preprints, open journals, and institutional repositories, to disseminate scholarly work freely and widely. | ||
* **Open Educational Practices:** Creating, sharing, and adapting open educational resources (OERs) and adopting open pedagogical approaches that promote student-centered learning and collaboration. | ||
* **Open Knowledge Sharing:** Participating in open knowledge-sharing platforms, such as blogs, social media, and public lectures, to engage with broader audiences and facilitate the exchange of ideas. | ||
* **Open Collaboration Tools:** Embracing open collaboration tools and platforms, such as open-source software, version control systems, and virtual research environments, to facilitate collaborative work. | ||
* **Open Advocacy:** Advocating for open scholarship principles and practices within academic communities, institutions, and funding agencies, promoting cultural shifts toward openness and inclusivity. | ||
* **Open Metrics:** Developing and utilizing alternative metrics (altmetrics) to measure the broader impact of scholarly outputs, beyond traditional citation-based metrics. | ||
* **Open Innovation:** Fostering open innovation by engaging with diverse stakeholders, including industry, policymakers, and the public, to co-create solutions and drive societal impact. | ||
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By adopting these principles and practices, scholars can foster a more transparent, collaborative, and inclusive academic ecosystem, enhancing the accessibility, impact, and societal relevance of their work across disciplines and sectors. |
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I'm not sure if saying "open source software is a set of principles and practices" is quite accurate. Maybe "open source software is based on a set of principles and practices"?