[wip] fix instrumentation and workflow tracebacks

[logan-markewich]

Attempting to fix how tracebacks are handled in instrumentation and in workflows.

This isn't quite correct though, it breaks unit tests. I think I'm hiding some exceptions, causing some cleanup/handling not to run in the workflow?

Attempts to fix #17728
Attempts to fix #17730

Here's the extra test code I was using (which does actually run cleanly)

import asyncio
import logging

from llama_index.core.workflow import (
    Context,
    StartEvent,
    StopEvent,
    Workflow,
    step,
)
from llama_index.core.workflow.errors import WorkflowCancelledByUser, WorkflowTimeoutError, WorkflowRuntimeError

# Disable asyncio debug logging which shows the callback exceptions
logging.getLogger('asyncio').setLevel(logging.WARNING)

class ExampleWorkflow(Workflow):
    @step
    async def first_step(self, ctx: Context, ev: StartEvent) -> StopEvent:
        await asyncio.sleep(3600)
        return StopEvent()

class ErrorWorkflow(Workflow):
    @step
    async def first_step(self, ctx: Context, ev: StartEvent) -> StopEvent:
        raise ValueError("This is an error")

async def test_workflow(workflow: Workflow, expected_error: type[Exception]) -> None:
    handler = workflow.run(input="input1")
    try:
        await handler
    except expected_error as e:
        print(f"Expected error occurred: {type(e).__name__}: {str(e)}")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Unexpected error occurred: {type(e).__name__}: {str(e)}")

async def test_cancellation(workflow: Workflow) -> None:
    handler = workflow.run(input="input1")
    await handler.cancel_run()
    try:
        await handler
    except WorkflowCancelledByUser:
        print("Workflow was cancelled successfully")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Unexpected error during cancellation: {type(e).__name__}: {str(e)}")

async def run_workflow():
    print("\nTesting timeout...")
    await test_workflow(ExampleWorkflow(timeout=5), WorkflowTimeoutError)
    
    print("\nTesting runtime error...")
    await test_workflow(ErrorWorkflow(timeout=5), WorkflowRuntimeError)
    
    print("\nTesting cancellation...")
    await test_cancellation(ErrorWorkflow(timeout=5))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(run_workflow())